-
Notifications
You must be signed in to change notification settings - Fork 0
/
Copy pathcoral-restoration-part-2-selection.html
479 lines (441 loc) · 38 KB
/
coral-restoration-part-2-selection.html
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
229
230
231
232
233
234
235
236
237
238
239
240
241
242
243
244
245
246
247
248
249
250
251
252
253
254
255
256
257
258
259
260
261
262
263
264
265
266
267
268
269
270
271
272
273
274
275
276
277
278
279
280
281
282
283
284
285
286
287
288
289
290
291
292
293
294
295
296
297
298
299
300
301
302
303
304
305
306
307
308
309
310
311
312
313
314
315
316
317
318
319
320
321
322
323
324
325
326
327
328
329
330
331
332
333
334
335
336
337
338
339
340
341
342
343
344
345
346
347
348
349
350
351
352
353
354
355
356
357
358
359
360
361
362
363
364
365
366
367
368
369
370
371
372
373
374
375
376
377
378
379
380
381
382
383
384
385
386
387
388
389
390
391
392
393
394
395
396
397
398
399
400
401
402
403
404
405
406
407
408
409
410
411
412
413
414
415
416
417
418
419
420
421
422
423
424
425
426
427
428
429
430
431
432
433
434
435
436
437
438
439
440
441
442
443
444
445
446
447
448
449
450
451
452
453
454
455
456
457
458
459
460
461
462
463
464
465
466
467
468
469
470
471
472
473
474
475
476
477
478
479
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en-US" xmlns:og="http://opengraphprotocol.org/schema/" xmlns:fb="https://www.facebook.com/2008/fbml">
<!-- This is an archived copy of www.futureoceans.org/coral-restoration-part-2-selection by Internews Global Technology Hub on Tue, 23 Jun 2020 20:35:21 GMT -->
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8" />
<title>Coral Restoration Part 2: Selection | Future OceansFuture Oceans</title>
<link rel="profile" href="http://gmpg.org/xfn/11" />
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" media="all" href="wp-content/themes/JEO-Newsroom/style.css" />
<link rel="shortcut icon" href="wp-content/themes/jeo/img/favicon.html" type="image/x-icon" />
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1" />
<!-- search engine optimisation -->
<meta name="robots" content="max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1"/>
<link rel="canonical" href="coral-restoration-part-2-selection/index.html" />
<script type='application/ld+json' class='yoast-schema-graph yoast-schema-graph--main'>{"@context":"https://schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https://www.futureoceans.org/#website","url":"https://www.futureoceans.org/","name":"Future Oceans","inLanguage":"en-US","description":"Disruptive Innovations in Marine Conservation","potentialAction":{"@type":"SearchAction","target":"https://www.futureoceans.org/?s={search_term_string}","query-input":"required name=search_term_string"}},{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https://www.futureoceans.org/coral-restoration-part-2-selection/#primaryimage","inLanguage":"en-US","url":"https://www.futureoceans.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/ofu_coral.jpg","width":1320,"height":743},{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https://www.futureoceans.org/coral-restoration-part-2-selection/#webpage","url":"https://www.futureoceans.org/coral-restoration-part-2-selection/","name":"Coral Restoration Part 2: Selection | Future Oceans","isPartOf":{"@id":"https://www.futureoceans.org/#website"},"inLanguage":"en-US","primaryImageOfPage":{"@id":"https://www.futureoceans.org/coral-restoration-part-2-selection/#primaryimage"},"datePublished":"2015-11-22T19:07:42+00:00","dateModified":"2019-01-10T15:13:39+00:00","author":{"@id":"https://www.futureoceans.org/#/schema/person/8f4550bfac4ff62413effd1861a59123"}},{"@type":["Person"],"@id":"https://www.futureoceans.org/#/schema/person/8f4550bfac4ff62413effd1861a59123","name":"Amelia Urry","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https://www.futureoceans.org/#authorlogo","inLanguage":"en-US","url":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/88968af169d49080d2f61d9088ae0516?s=96&d=mm&r=g","caption":"Amelia Urry"},"sameAs":[]}]}</script>
<!-- / search engine optimisation -->
<link rel='dns-prefetch' href='https://ajax.googleapis.com/' />
<link rel='dns-prefetch' href='http://code.jquery.com/' />
<link rel='dns-prefetch' href='http://s.w.org/' />
<meta property="og:title" content="Coral Restoration Part 2: Selection"/><meta property="og:type" content="article"/><meta property="og:url" content="https://www.futureoceans.org/coral-restoration-part-2-selection/"/><meta property="og:site_name" content="Future Oceans"/><meta property="og:description" content="On a tiny island called Ofu, part of American Samoa just south of the equator and east of the International Date Line, corals are doing something that might have once seemed impossible."/><meta property="og:image" content="https://www.futureoceans.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/ofu_coral-1024x576.jpg"/> <meta name="twitter:image" content="https://www.futureoceans.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/ofu_coral-1024x576.jpg" />
<meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image" />
<meta name="twitter:url" content="https://www.futureoceans.org/coral-restoration-part-2-selection/" />
<meta name="twitter:title" content="Coral Restoration Part 2: Selection" />
<meta name="twitter:description" content="On a tiny island called Ofu, part of American Samoa just south of the equator and east of the International Date Line, corals are doing something that might have once seemed impossible." />
<script type="text/javascript">
window._wpemojiSettings = {"baseUrl":"https:\/\/s.w.org\/images\/core\/emoji\/12.0.0-1\/72x72\/","ext":".png","svgUrl":"https:\/\/s.w.org\/images\/core\/emoji\/12.0.0-1\/svg\/","svgExt":".svg","source":{"concatemoji":"https:\/\/www.futureoceans.org\/wp-includes\/js\/wp-emoji-release.min.js?ver=5.3.4"}};
!function(e,a,t){var r,n,o,i,p=a.createElement("canvas"),s=p.getContext&&p.getContext("2d");function c(e,t){var a=String.fromCharCode;s.clearRect(0,0,p.width,p.height),s.fillText(a.apply(this,e),0,0);var r=p.toDataURL();return s.clearRect(0,0,p.width,p.height),s.fillText(a.apply(this,t),0,0),r===p.toDataURL()}function l(e){if(!s||!s.fillText)return!1;switch(s.textBaseline="top",s.font="600 32px Arial",e){case"flag":return!c([127987,65039,8205,9895,65039],[127987,65039,8203,9895,65039])&&(!c([55356,56826,55356,56819],[55356,56826,8203,55356,56819])&&!c([55356,57332,56128,56423,56128,56418,56128,56421,56128,56430,56128,56423,56128,56447],[55356,57332,8203,56128,56423,8203,56128,56418,8203,56128,56421,8203,56128,56430,8203,56128,56423,8203,56128,56447]));case"emoji":return!c([55357,56424,55356,57342,8205,55358,56605,8205,55357,56424,55356,57340],[55357,56424,55356,57342,8203,55358,56605,8203,55357,56424,55356,57340])}return!1}function d(e){var t=a.createElement("script");t.src=e,t.defer=t.type="text/javascript",a.getElementsByTagName("head")[0].appendChild(t)}for(i=Array("flag","emoji"),t.supports={everything:!0,everythingExceptFlag:!0},o=0;o<i.length;o++)t.supports[i[o]]=l(i[o]),t.supports.everything=t.supports.everything&&t.supports[i[o]],"flag"!==i[o]&&(t.supports.everythingExceptFlag=t.supports.everythingExceptFlag&&t.supports[i[o]]);t.supports.everythingExceptFlag=t.supports.everythingExceptFlag&&!t.supports.flag,t.DOMReady=!1,t.readyCallback=function(){t.DOMReady=!0},t.supports.everything||(n=function(){t.readyCallback()},a.addEventListener?(a.addEventListener("DOMContentLoaded",n,!1),e.addEventListener("load",n,!1)):(e.attachEvent("onload",n),a.attachEvent("onreadystatechange",function(){"complete"===a.readyState&&t.readyCallback()})),(r=t.source||{}).concatemoji?d(r.concatemoji):r.wpemoji&&r.twemoji&&(d(r.twemoji),d(r.wpemoji)))}(window,document,window._wpemojiSettings);
</script>
<style type="text/css">
img.wp-smiley,
img.emoji {
display: inline !important;
border: none !important;
box-shadow: none !important;
height: 1em !important;
width: 1em !important;
margin: 0 .07em !important;
vertical-align: -0.1em !important;
background: none !important;
padding: 0 !important;
}
</style>
<link rel='stylesheet' id='wp-block-library-css' href='wp-includes/css/dist/block-library/style.min03ec.css?ver=5.3.4' type='text/css' media='all' />
<link rel='stylesheet' id='newsroom-normalize-css' href='wp-content/themes/JEO-Newsroom/css/normalize03ec.css?ver=5.3.4' type='text/css' media='all' />
<link rel='stylesheet' id='newsroom-entypo-css' href='wp-content/themes/JEO-Newsroom/css/entypo03ec.css?ver=5.3.4' type='text/css' media='all' />
<link rel='stylesheet' id='newsroom-fonts-css' href='https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Source+Sans+Pro%3A400%2C300%2C400italic%2C600%2C600italic%2C700%2C700italic%2C300italic%2C200%7CCrimson+Text%3A400%2C600%2C700&ver=5.3.4' type='text/css' media='all' />
<link rel='stylesheet' id='newsroom-styles-css' href='wp-content/themes/JEO-Newsroom/css/main03ec.css?ver=5.3.4' type='text/css' media='all' />
<link rel='stylesheet' id='photoswipe-css' href='wp-content/themes/JEO-Newsroom/lib/photoswipe/photoswipe03ec.css?ver=5.3.4' type='text/css' media='all' />
<link rel='stylesheet' id='photoswipe-skin-css' href='wp-content/themes/JEO-Newsroom/lib/photoswipe/default-skin/default-skin03ec.css?ver=5.3.4' type='text/css' media='all' />
<link rel='stylesheet' id='chosen-css' href='wp-content/themes/JEO-Newsroom/lib/chosen/chosen.min03ec.css?ver=5.3.4' type='text/css' media='all' />
<link rel='stylesheet' id='jquery-ui-smoothness-css' href='http://code.jquery.com/ui/1.10.3/themes/smoothness/jquery-ui.css?ver=5.3.4' type='text/css' media='all' />
<link rel='stylesheet' id='cartodb-css' href='wp-content/themes/jeo/lib/cartodb0fe2.css?ver=3.15.19' type='text/css' media='all' />
<!--[if lte IE 8]>
<link rel='stylesheet' id='leaflet-ie-css' href='https://www.futureoceans.org/wp-content/themes/jeo/lib/leaflet/leaflet.ie.css?ver=5.3.4' type='text/css' media='all' />
<![endif]-->
<link rel='stylesheet' id='mapbox-css-css' href='wp-content/themes/jeo/lib/mapbox.js-bower-2.4.0/mapbox8d5a.css?ver=2.4.0' type='text/css' media='all' />
<link rel='stylesheet' id='jeo-css' href='wp-content/themes/jeo/inc/css/jeo2fb2.css?ver=0.0.2' type='text/css' media='all' />
<script type='text/javascript' src='wp-includes/js/jquery/jquery4a5f.js?ver=1.12.4-wp'></script>
<script type='text/javascript' src='wp-includes/js/jquery/jquery-migrate.min330a.js?ver=1.4.1'></script>
<script type='text/javascript' src='wp-content/themes/JEO-Newsroom/lib/jquery.fitvids4963.js?ver=1.1'></script>
<script type='text/javascript' src='wp-content/themes/JEO-Newsroom/js/main622c.js?ver=0.0.1'></script>
<script type='text/javascript' src='wp-content/themes/JEO-Newsroom/lib/photoswipe/photoswipe.min03ec.js?ver=5.3.4'></script>
<script type='text/javascript' src='wp-content/themes/JEO-Newsroom/lib/photoswipe/photoswipe-ui-default.min03ec.js?ver=5.3.4'></script>
<script type='text/javascript' src='wp-content/themes/JEO-Newsroom/lib/chosen/chosen.jquery.min03ec.js?ver=5.3.4'></script>
<script type='text/javascript' src='wp-content/themes/jeo/lib/cartodb0fe2.js?ver=3.15.19'></script>
<script type='text/javascript' src='wp-content/themes/jeo/lib/mapbox.js-bower-2.4.0/mapbox.standalone8d5a.js?ver=2.4.0'></script>
<script type='text/javascript' src='wp-includes/js/underscore.min4511.js?ver=1.8.3'></script>
<script type='text/javascript'>
/* <![CDATA[ */
var jeo_localization = {"ajaxurl":"https:\/\/www.futureoceans.org\/wp-admin\/admin-ajax.php","ssl":"1","more_label":"More"};
var jeo_settings = {"mapbox_access_token":""};
/* ]]> */
</script>
<script type='text/javascript' src='wp-content/themes/jeo/inc/js/jeo3390.js?ver=0.4.4'></script>
<script type='text/javascript'>
/* <![CDATA[ */
var jeo_groups = {"ajaxurl":"https:\/\/www.futureoceans.org\/wp-admin\/admin-ajax.php","more_label":"More"};
/* ]]> */
</script>
<script type='text/javascript' src='wp-content/themes/jeo/inc/js/groups4392.js?ver=0.2.7'></script>
<script type='text/javascript'>
/* <![CDATA[ */
var jeo_labels = {"search_placeholder":"Find a location","results_title":"Results","clear_search":"Close search","not_found":"Nothing found, try something else."};
/* ]]> */
</script>
<script type='text/javascript' src='wp-content/themes/jeo/inc/js/geocodef8ab.js?ver=0.0.5'></script>
<script type='text/javascript' src='wp-content/themes/jeo/inc/js/fullscreenbd4f.js?ver=0.0.7'></script>
<script type='text/javascript' src='wp-content/themes/jeo/inc/js/filter-layers6275.js?ver=0.1.3'></script>
<script type='text/javascript' src='wp-content/themes/jeo/inc/js/ui1b65.js?ver=0.0.9'></script>
<script type='text/javascript' src='wp-content/themes/jeo/inc/js/hashc5da.js?ver=0.1.0'></script>
<link rel='https://api.w.org/' href='wp-json/index.html' />
<link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" title="RSD" href="xmlrpc0db0.php?rsd" />
<link rel="wlwmanifest" type="application/wlwmanifest+xml" href="wp-includes/wlwmanifest.xml" />
<meta name="generator" content="WordPress 5.3.4" />
<link rel='shortlink' href='index96f1.html?p=67' />
<link rel="alternate" type="application/json+oembed" href="wp-json/oembed/1.0/embed9352.json?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.futureoceans.org%2Fcoral-restoration-part-2-selection%2F" />
<link rel="alternate" type="text/xml+oembed" href="wp-json/oembed/1.0/embedccdf?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.futureoceans.org%2Fcoral-restoration-part-2-selection%2F&format=xml" />
<script>
(function(i,s,o,g,r,a,m){i['GoogleAnalyticsObject']=r;i[r]=i[r]||function(){
(i[r].q=i[r].q||[]).push(arguments)},i[r].l=1*new Date();a=s.createElement(o),
m=s.getElementsByTagName(o)[0];a.async=1;a.src=g;m.parentNode.insertBefore(a,m)
})(window,document,'script','https://www.google-analytics.com/analytics.js','ga');
ga('create', 'UA-70722913-2', 'auto');
ga('require', 'linkid');
ga('send', 'pageview');
</script>
<link rel="icon" href="wp-content/uploads/2020/03/cropped-EJN-Tree-01-32x32.png" sizes="32x32" />
<link rel="icon" href="wp-content/uploads/2020/03/cropped-EJN-Tree-01-192x192.png" sizes="192x192" />
<link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" href="wp-content/uploads/2020/03/cropped-EJN-Tree-01-180x180.png" />
<meta name="msapplication-TileImage" content="https://www.futureoceans.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/cropped-EJN-Tree-01-270x270.png" />
<style type="text/css" id="wp-custom-css">
/* type */
h1 {
color: #0FA4D4;
font-family: 'Source Sans Pro', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;
font-weight: light;
font-weight: 200;
letter-spacing: -.02em;
font-size: 6.75rem;
}
#primary h1 {
font-size: 4rem;
font-weight: bold;
font-weight: 400;
}
h2 {
font-size: 2.5rem;
margin-top: .5em;
font-weight: normal;
color: #33A19C;
}
h3 {
font-size: 2rem;
line-height: 1.25em;
font-weight: normal;
color: #666;
}
.siteorigin-panels .entry-content .widget-title {
font-weight: bold;
}
.newsroom-section-title h2 {
font-size: 2rem;
font-weight: bold;
}
/* navbar */
#masthead #mastnav ul.menu li a {
color: #33A19C;
}
/* header */
#masthead .site-meta {
width: 100%;
margin: 3em 0 1em;
}
/* hide the text nameplate */
#alt-nameplate {
border: 0;
clip: rect(0 0 0 0);
height: 1px;
margin: -1px;
overflow: hidden;
padding: 0;
position: absolute;
width: 1px;
}
/* colophon */
#colophon {
background-color: #0FA4D4;
}
#colophon #footer-nav ul li a {
background-color: #5BD7E5;
color: #0FA4D4;
}
/* story details */
#primary .post-meta .byline p {
color: #33A19C;
}
#primary .post-meta .terms .tax-item p {
color: #33A19C;
}
#primary .post-meta .terms .tax-item ul li a {
background: #33A19C;
color: #fff;
}
#primary .post-meta .terms {
border-top: 2px solid #33A19C;
}
#primary .post-meta {
border-bottom: 1px solid #33A19C;
}
/* button */
.button, input[type="submit"], button, a.button {
background-color: #0FA4D4;
color: #fff;
} </style>
</head>
<body class="post-template-default single single-post postid-67 single-format-standard en-US">
<header id="masthead">
<div>
<div class="site-meta">
<h1> <a href="index.html" title="Future Oceans">
Future Oceans </a>
</h1> </div>
<div class="top-nav">
<nav id="langnav">
</nav>
<nav id="socialnav">
</nav>
</div>
</div>
<div>
<nav id="mastnav">
<div class="menu-header-container"><ul id="menu-header" class="menu"><li id="menu-item-693" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-693"><a href="prologue/index.html">Prologue</a></li>
<li id="menu-item-50" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-home menu-item-50"><a href="index.html">Table of Contents</a></li>
<li id="menu-item-954" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-954"><a href="changing-the-oceans/index.html">Changing the Oceans</a></li>
<li id="menu-item-953" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-953"><a href="exploring-the-oceans/index.html">Exploring the Oceans</a></li>
<li id="menu-item-952" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-952"><a href="monitoring-the-oceans/index.html">Monitoring the Oceans</a></li>
<li id="menu-item-951" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-951"><a href="healing-the-oceans/index.html">Healing the Oceans</a></li>
</ul></div> <form role="search" method="get" id="searchform" action="https://www.futureoceans.org/">
<!-- <div>
<input type="text" name="s" id="s" placeholder="Search here..." value="" />
</div>
</form> -->
</nav>
</div>
</header>
<div class="mobile-header" style="display:none;">
<span class="logo"> <a href="index.html" title="Future Oceans">
Future Oceans </a>
</span> <nav id="mobile-nav">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" class="icon toggle-nav icon-menu"></a>
<div class="mobile-nav-content">
<div class="menu-header-container"><ul id="menu-header-1" class="menu"><li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-693"><a href="prologue/index.html">Prologue</a></li>
<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-home menu-item-50"><a href="index.html">Table of Contents</a></li>
<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-954"><a href="changing-the-oceans/index.html">Changing the Oceans</a></li>
<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-953"><a href="exploring-the-oceans/index.html">Exploring the Oceans</a></li>
<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-952"><a href="monitoring-the-oceans/index.html">Monitoring the Oceans</a></li>
<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-951"><a href="healing-the-oceans/index.html">Healing the Oceans</a></li>
</ul></div> <form role="search" method="get" id="searchform" action="https://www.futureoceans.org/">
<!-- <div>
<input type="text" name="s" id="s" placeholder="Search here..." value="" />
</div>
</form> -->
</div>
</nav>
</div>
<article id="primary" class="content-area" role="main">
<header class="page-header">
<h1>Coral Restoration Part 2: Selection</h1>
<div class="subhead">
<p>On a tiny island called Ofu, part of American Samoa just south of the equator and east of the International Date Line, corals are doing something that might have once seemed impossible.</p>
</div>
<div class="kicker">
<iframe width="760" height="428" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/--XHZZKu-ac?feature=oembed" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen></iframe> </div>
<div class="post-meta">
<div class="byline">
<p>Amelia Urry, November 22, 2015</p>
</div>
<div class="terms">
<div class="newsroom-tax-terms">
<div class="tax-category tax-item">
<p>Categories:</p>
<ul>
<li><a href="category/article/index.html">Article</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="tax-post_tag tax-item">
<p>Tags:</p>
<ul>
<li><a href="tag/climate-change/index.html">climate change</a></li>
<li><a href="tag/conservation/index.html">conservation</a></li>
<li><a href="tag/coral/index.html">coral</a></li>
<li><a href="tag/coral-bleaching/index.html">coral bleaching</a></li>
<li><a href="tag/el-nino/index.html">El Nino</a></li>
<li><a href="tag/global-warming/index.html">global warming</a></li>
<li><a href="tag/hopkins-marine-station/index.html">Hopkins Marine Station</a></li>
<li><a href="tag/ocean/index.html">ocean</a></li>
<li><a href="tag/solutions/index.html">solutions</a></li>
<li><a href="tag/supercorals/index.html">supercorals</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="tax-topic tax-item">
<p>Topics:</p>
<ul>
<li><a href="topic/climate/index.html">Climate</a></li>
<li><a href="topic/oceans/index.html">Oceans</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</header>
<div class="content-container">
<!-- <aside id="share">
<p>Share this story</p>
<ul>
<li>
<div class="fb-like" data-href="https://www.futureoceans.org/coral-restoration-part-2-selection/" data-layout="box_count" data-show-faces="false" data-send="false" data-share="true"></div>
</li>
<li>
<a href="https://twitter.com/share" class="twitter-share-button" data-url="https://www.futureoceans.org/coral-restoration-part-2-selection/" data-lang="en" data-count="vertical">Tweet</a>
</li>
<li>
<div class="g-plusone" data-size="tall" data-href="coral-restoration-part-2-selection/index.html"></div>
</li>
<li>
<script src="http://platform.linkedin.com/in.js" type="text/javascript"> lang: en_US</script>
<script type="IN/Share" data-counter="top"></script>
</li>
</ul>
</aside> -->
<section class="content">
<p class="corals-sectionheadlink text-center" style="text-align: center"><a href="coral-reefs-are-in-trouble-meet-the-people-trying-to-rebuild-them/index.html">Part 1</a> | <strong>Part 2</strong> | <a href="coral-restoration-part-3-evolution/index.html">Part 3</a></p>
<h2 class="corals-sectionhead text-center" style="text-align: center">Selection</h2>
<p style="text-align: center"><a href="wp-content/uploads/2015/11/coral.png"><img class="alignnone size-full wp-image-85" src="wp-content/uploads/2015/11/coral.png" alt="coral" width="100" height="113" /></a></p>
<p>Under the intense heat of the southern sun, in a shallow lagoon where water temperatures can reach 95 degrees F, coral reefs are thriving. While corals elsewhere struggle when water temperatures reach the mid-80s, these equatorial corals can handle the extra degrees without breaking a sweat. Those are the kinds of water temperatures people expect to see by the end of this century, which means, in a sense, Ofu’s corals are already living in the future.</p>
<p>Marine biologist Steve Palumbi wants to find out how these corals are so chill about extreme heat. A researcher at Stanford University’s Hopkins Marine Station, Palumbi wanted to know if these outlying “supercorals” could hold the key to a secret resiliency available to all corals.</p>
<p>“Corals live in a very variable environment and they have for millions of years,” Palumbi tells me one afternoon, in his office in Monterey, Calif. “So it stands to reason that perhaps, in corals that live right now, there are already some that have adapted to live in future environments.”</p>
<div style="width: 1330px" class="wp-caption aligncenter"><img class="" src="https://grist.files.wordpress.com/2015/11/ofu_coral.jpg?w=1320&h=742" alt="" width="1320" height="743" /><p class="wp-caption-text">Thickets of coral growing in the super-heated water off of Ofu, in American Samoa.Dan Griffin, Garthwaite Griffin Films</p></div>
<p>So Palumbi took a team of researchers and students to Ofu to put the supercorals through their paces. He chose to focus on a type of <em>Acropora</em> — the same genus that includes elkhorn and staghorn corals — called tabletop corals. As their name suggests, they grow in broad, table-like ledges, gathering as much solar energy as they can and providing shelter and shade for other species.</p>
<p>Fast-growing and generally susceptible to heat extremes, <em>Acropora</em> are both a fundamental builder of reef architecture and usually one of the more fragile species on the reef. If Ofu’s tabletops seemed hardier than usual, Palumbi was determined to find out why.</p>
<p>Using portable water coolers (the kind you’d use to stash a couple six-packs at a picnic) rigged with heating and refrigerating elements, the researchers took fragments of coral from the reef and subjected them to a uniform battery of stress tests. As the temperatures inched up, and the corals became more and more stressed, they started to expel the photosynthetic algae they need to live, and eventually bleached.</p>
<p>Here’s what’s interesting: The corals the researchers chose for testing came from different parts of the same reef, some of which experienced much higher temperatures on a regular basis. These “warm-adjusted” corals were much less likely to bleach under high temperatures than those that came from cooler parts of the reef.</p>
<p><iframe width="760" height="428" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/--XHZZKu-ac?feature=oembed" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe></p>
<p><strong>There are two mechanisms by which these corals (or any organism really) can adjust to an extreme environment — increased temperatures, for example. </strong>The first, acclimation, is a short-term process whereby individual organisms change their physiology to become more heat tolerant. Then there’s adaptation, the longer-term process of natural selection whereby certain individuals pass on the genetic traits that make them more successful in warmer environments.</p>
<p>In other words: Acclimation is the tan you get on vacation, while adaptation is the skin tone you’re born with. In both cases, having more pigment in your skin reduces your risk of getting sunburned. So an organism’s life history might approximate some of the advantages of a genetic predisposition, through different mechanisms.</p>
<p>With corals, the combination of the two factors is more powerful than either on its own. To test this, Palumbi’s team transplanted corals from the cooler part of the reef to the warmest pool. They left them there for three years, after which the researchers subjected them to the same set of stress tests they’d undergone three years earlier, raising the temperature to an extreme level for several days at a time.</p>
<p>This time, the cool-adapted corals that had spent the last three years acclimating in warm pools did noticeably better than their cold-water clones. But the original warm-pool corals still outperformed their acclimated cousins, suggesting some older genetic advantage was also at work.</p>
<p>The next step, Palumbi says, is to start trying to use these supercorals to help corals in general. To that end, his PhD student, Megan Morikawa, is establishing a coral nursery off the coast of Ofu, where she hopes to cultivate the most resilient, heat-tolerant corals they find. Like Nedimyer, they want to replenish reefs with corals, and with the genetic diversity that will allow them to survive in a range of environments.</p>
<p>It’s too early to know if this will work. Palumbi is hopeful that something can be done, but aware of the challenges in scaling this kind of experiment up to a level where it can actually be effective.</p>
<p>“You can’t go to a replanted reef,” he says in his office, thousands of miles away from Ofu. “You can go to a replanted forest, but as of now, there is no replanted reef.”</p>
<div style="width: 1330px" class="wp-caption alignnone"><img class="" src="https://grist.files.wordpress.com/2015/11/p10204911.jpg?w=1320&h=736" alt="" width="1320" height="736" /><p class="wp-caption-text">Grist | Amelia Urry</p></div>
<p> </p>
<p><strong>When a coral bleaches, it doesn’t necessarily die</strong> — which means some interesting things can happen after a bleaching event sweeps a reef.</p>
<p>A coral polyp gathers some of its food from the water current, but it gets most of its energy by harvesting the sun’s energy, using tiny algae called zooxanthellae that live inside its cells. As the water heats up, those little algae start to produce chemicals that irritate the coral cells. As these so-called “free radicals” build-up, they start to damage the cell until the coral polyp gets so agitated it expels most or all of its zooxanthellae.</p>
<p>From then, the coral polyp is essentially on its own. It loses the pigment it gets from its symbiont algae, turning pale white, and loses the energy it gets from photosynthesis. Without that energy, the coral feeds on its reserves and strains what food it can get from the water column. It stops growing and is at risk of eventually starving to death.</p>
<p>If the temperature drops again, the polyp can take up new zooxanthellae from the water and keep growing as before. But the longer the coral stays bleached, the less likely it will be able to recover.</p>
<p>However, there is a secondary effect to all this bleaching and unbleaching, which Palumbi and others have seized on as a possible source of hope. After a coral has bleached once, the next time it is subjected to abnormally high temperatures, it is much less likely to succumb.</p>
<p>In the same El Niño season that wiped out Florida’s corals, the reefs around the tiny island nation of Palau bleached <a href="http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s003380100151">extensively</a>. Today, nearly 10 years later, they have almost completely recovered, Palumbi says. In fact, at this point most reefs in the world have bleached, he says. And a good number of them have recovered.</p>
<p>So corals are resilient, maybe more than we thought, and can recover from near-fatal events. But how fast can they keep up? In all their history — and at <a href="http://www.coris.noaa.gov/about/what_are/">400 million years</a>, it’s a long one — the organisms have never experienced a rate of change like what they are subjected to today.</p>
<p>What’s more, a coral’s vulnerability to and recovery from bleaching have a lot to do with the presence of other stressors, Palumbi points out. With pollution, habitat destruction, overfishing, sedimentation, and so on, what would be a tolerable amount of climate change can become an intolerable amount.</p>
<p>In this sense, Ofu is a lucky place to be a coral. Sure, the corals living in the sheltered lagoons of the remote island may have to put up with 95 degrees F — but they don’t have to deal with many humans.</p>
<p><a href="wp-content/uploads/2015/11/tendrils.jpg"><img class="aligncenter wp-image-142 size-full" src="wp-content/uploads/2015/11/tendrils.jpg" alt="tendrils" width="150" height="150" srcset="https://www.futureoceans.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/tendrils.jpg 150w, https://www.futureoceans.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/tendrils-87x87.jpg 87w" sizes="(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px" /></a></p>
<p><strong>Corals can adapt and acclimate to higher temperatures — but only to a point.</strong> Even Palumbi’s supercorals, subjected to monstrously high temperatures in the stress tanks, have a limit. Eventually, given enough global warming, the world’s reefs will find their limits, too.</p>
<p>“I can’t do everything,” Palumbi admits. “But if I can just help keep the ocean alive long enough for us to wean ourselves off of fossil fuels, we can make it.”</p>
<p>This summer, Palumbi brought 80 corals back from Ofu, small fragments from the different genotypes and environments he was hoping to test in the lab. Then all but two of the corals died when he got them to the lab, and they took their heat-resisting secrets with them. Palumbi will have to go back to the reef and start over. But he’s determined to find the corals of the world that possess the superpower to resist higher ocean temperatures, and protect them.</p>
<p>“Saving the ocean for the next 85 years — that’s a pretty good job,” he says. “I just need to show people that it is worth it.”</p>
<p><a href="coral-restoration-part-3-evolution/index.html">Continue to Part 3: Evolution</a></p>
<!-- <aside id="bottom-share">
<p>Share this story</p>
<ul>
<li>
<div class="fb-like" data-href="https://www.futureoceans.org/coral-restoration-part-2-selection/" data-layout="box_count" data-show-faces="false" data-send="false" data-share="true"></div>
</li>
<li>
<a href="https://twitter.com/share" class="twitter-share-button" data-url="https://www.futureoceans.org/coral-restoration-part-2-selection/" data-lang="en" data-count="vertical">Tweet</a>
</li>
<li>
<div class="g-plusone" data-size="tall" data-href="coral-restoration-part-2-selection/index.html"></div>
</li>
<li>
<script src="http://platform.linkedin.com/in.js" type="text/javascript"> lang: en_US</script>
<script type="IN/Share" data-counter="top"></script>
</li>
</ul>
</aside> -->
<div id="comments" class="comments-area row">
</div><!-- #comments --> </section>
</div>
<aside id="sidebar">
<ul class="widgets">
</ul>
</aside>
</article>
<footer id="colophon">
<div class="footer-content">
<nav id="footer-nav">
<div class="menu"><ul>
<li class="page_item page-item-6"><a href="changing-the-oceans/index.html">Changing the Oceans</a></li>
<li class="page_item page-item-390"><a href="exploring-the-oceans/index.html">Exploring the Oceans</a></li>
<li class="page_item page-item-738"><a href="healing-the-oceans/index.html">Healing the Oceans</a></li>
<li class="page_item page-item-567"><a href="monitoring-the-oceans/index.html">Monitoring the Oceans</a></li>
<li class="page_item page-item-4"><a href="index.html">Table of Contents</a></li>
</ul></div>
</nav>
<ul id="footer-sidebar">
</ul>
<div class="credits">
<!-- <p>This website is built on <a href="http://wordpress.org/" target="_blank" rel="external">WordPress</a> using the <a href="http://github.com/infoamazonia/newsroom/" target="_blank" rel="external">JEO Newsroom</a> theme</p> -->
</div>
</div>
</footer>
<div id="fb-root"></div>
<script>(function(d, s, id) {
var js, fjs = d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0];
if (d.getElementById(id)) return;
js = d.createElement(s); js.id = id;
js.src = "https://connect.facebook.net/en_US/all.js#xfbml=1&appId=1674475586098505";
fjs.parentNode.insertBefore(js, fjs);
}(document, 'script', 'facebook-jssdk'));</script>
<script>!function(d,s,id){var js,fjs=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0];if(!d.getElementById(id)){js=d.createElement(s);js.id=id;js.src="https://platform.twitter.com/widgets.js";fjs.parentNode.insertBefore(js,fjs);}}(document,"script","twitter-wjs");</script>
<script type="text/javascript">
(function() {
var po = document.createElement('script'); po.type = 'text/javascript'; po.async = true;
po.src = 'https://apis.google.com/js/plusone.js';
var s = document.getElementsByTagName('script')[0]; s.parentNode.insertBefore(po, s);
})();
</script>
<link rel='stylesheet' id='range-slider-css' href='wp-content/themes/jeo/lib/range-slider/css/classic-min03ec.css?ver=5.3.4' type='text/css' media='all' />
<link rel='stylesheet' id='jeo-range-slider-css' href='wp-content/themes/jeo/inc/css/range-slider03ec.css?ver=5.3.4' type='text/css' media='all' />
<script type='text/javascript' src='wp-includes/js/dist/vendor/moment.mind4d7.js?ver=2.22.2'></script>
<script type='text/javascript'>
moment.locale( 'en_US', {"months":["January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"monthsShort":["Jan","Feb","Mar","Apr","May","Jun","Jul","Aug","Sep","Oct","Nov","Dec"],"weekdays":["Sunday","Monday","Tuesday","Wednesday","Thursday","Friday","Saturday"],"weekdaysShort":["Sun","Mon","Tue","Wed","Thu","Fri","Sat"],"week":{"dow":0},"longDateFormat":{"LT":"g:i a","LTS":null,"L":null,"LL":"F j, Y","LLL":"F j, Y g:i a","LLLL":null}} );
</script>
<script type='text/javascript' src='wp-includes/js/jquery/ui/core.mine899.js?ver=1.11.4'></script>
<script type='text/javascript' src='wp-includes/js/jquery/ui/datepicker.mine899.js?ver=1.11.4'></script>
<script type='text/javascript'>
jQuery(document).ready(function(jQuery){jQuery.datepicker.setDefaults({"closeText":"Close","currentText":"Today","monthNames":["January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"monthNamesShort":["Jan","Feb","Mar","Apr","May","Jun","Jul","Aug","Sep","Oct","Nov","Dec"],"nextText":"Next","prevText":"Previous","dayNames":["Sunday","Monday","Tuesday","Wednesday","Thursday","Friday","Saturday"],"dayNamesShort":["Sun","Mon","Tue","Wed","Thu","Fri","Sat"],"dayNamesMin":["S","M","T","W","T","F","S"],"dateFormat":"MM d, yy","firstDay":0,"isRTL":false});});
</script>
<script type='text/javascript' src='wp-includes/js/comment-reply.min03ec.js?ver=5.3.4'></script>
<script type='text/javascript' src='https://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/d3js/4.13.0/d3.min.js?ver=4.13.0'></script>
<script type='text/javascript' src='wp-includes/js/wp-embed.min03ec.js?ver=5.3.4'></script>
<script type='text/javascript'>
/* <![CDATA[ */
var jeo_markers = {"ajaxurl":"https:\/\/www.futureoceans.org\/wp-admin\/admin-ajax.php","query":{"page":0,"name":"coral-restoration-part-2-selection","error":"","m":"","p":0,"post_parent":"","subpost":"","subpost_id":"","attachment":"","attachment_id":0,"pagename":"","page_id":0,"second":"","minute":"","hour":"","day":0,"monthnum":0,"year":0,"w":0,"category_name":"","tag":"","cat":"","tag_id":"","author":"","author_name":"","feed":"","tb":"","paged":1,"meta_key":"","meta_value":"","preview":"","s":"","sentence":"","title":"","fields":"","menu_order":"","embed":"","category__in":[],"category__not_in":[],"category__and":[],"post__in":[],"post__not_in":[],"post_name__in":[],"tag__in":[],"tag__not_in":[],"tag__and":[],"tag_slug__in":[],"tag_slug__and":[],"post_parent__in":[],"post_parent__not_in":[],"author__in":[],"author__not_in":[],"ignore_sticky_posts":false,"cache_results":false,"update_post_term_cache":true,"lazy_load_term_meta":true,"update_post_meta_cache":true,"post_type":["post"],"posts_per_page":200,"nopaging":false,"comments_per_page":"50","no_found_rows":false,"order":"DESC","post_status":"publish"},"markerextent":"1","markerextent_defaultzoom":"","enable_clustering":""};
/* ]]> */
</script>
<script type='text/javascript' src='wp-content/themes/jeo/inc/js/markersca30.js?ver=0.2.19'></script>
<script type='text/javascript' src='wp-includes/js/jquery/ui/widget.mine899.js?ver=1.11.4'></script>
<script type='text/javascript' src='wp-includes/js/jquery/ui/mouse.mine899.js?ver=1.11.4'></script>
<script type='text/javascript' src='wp-content/themes/jeo/lib/jquery.mousewheel03ec.js?ver=5.3.4'></script>
<script type='text/javascript' src='wp-content/themes/jeo/lib/range-slider/jQAllRangeSliders-withRuler-min03ec.js?ver=5.3.4'></script>
<script type='text/javascript' src='wp-content/themes/jeo/lib/moment03ec.js?ver=5.3.4'></script>
<script type='text/javascript'>
/* <![CDATA[ */
var jeo_range_slider_options = {"rangeType":"dateRangeSlider","options":{"dateFormat":"MM\/DD\/YYYY"}};
var jeo_range_slider_options = {"rangeType":"dateRangeSlider","options":{"dateFormat":"MM\/DD\/YYYY"}};
/* ]]> */
</script>
<script type='text/javascript' src='wp-content/themes/jeo/inc/js/range-slider6275.js?ver=0.1.3'></script>
</body>
<!-- This is an archived copy of www.futureoceans.org/coral-restoration-part-2-selection by Internews Global Technology Hub on Tue, 23 Jun 2020 20:35:21 GMT -->
</html>