-
Notifications
You must be signed in to change notification settings - Fork 0
/
Copy pathindexa1ca.html
452 lines (414 loc) · 35.8 KB
/
indexa1ca.html
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
229
230
231
232
233
234
235
236
237
238
239
240
241
242
243
244
245
246
247
248
249
250
251
252
253
254
255
256
257
258
259
260
261
262
263
264
265
266
267
268
269
270
271
272
273
274
275
276
277
278
279
280
281
282
283
284
285
286
287
288
289
290
291
292
293
294
295
296
297
298
299
300
301
302
303
304
305
306
307
308
309
310
311
312
313
314
315
316
317
318
319
320
321
322
323
324
325
326
327
328
329
330
331
332
333
334
335
336
337
338
339
340
341
342
343
344
345
346
347
348
349
350
351
352
353
354
355
356
357
358
359
360
361
362
363
364
365
366
367
368
369
370
371
372
373
374
375
376
377
378
379
380
381
382
383
384
385
386
387
388
389
390
391
392
393
394
395
396
397
398
399
400
401
402
403
404
405
406
407
408
409
410
411
412
413
414
415
416
417
418
419
420
421
422
423
424
425
426
427
428
429
430
431
432
433
434
435
436
437
438
439
440
441
442
443
444
445
446
447
448
449
450
451
452
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en-US" xmlns:og="http://opengraphprotocol.org/schema/" xmlns:fb="https://www.facebook.com/2008/fbml">
<!-- This is an archived copy of www.futureoceans.org/?p=15 by Internews Global Technology Hub on Tue, 23 Jun 2020 20:34:58 GMT -->
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8" />
<title>Op-Ed: Global Oceans under Climate Change | Future OceansFuture Oceans</title>
<link rel="profile" href="http://gmpg.org/xfn/11" />
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" media="all" href="wp-content/themes/JEO-Newsroom/style.css" />
<link rel="shortcut icon" href="wp-content/themes/jeo/img/favicon.html" type="image/x-icon" />
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1" />
<!-- search engine optimisation -->
<meta name="robots" content="max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1"/>
<link rel="canonical" href="global-oceans-under-climate-change/index.html" />
<script type='application/ld+json' class='yoast-schema-graph yoast-schema-graph--main'>{"@context":"https://schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https://www.futureoceans.org/#website","url":"https://www.futureoceans.org/","name":"Future Oceans","inLanguage":"en-US","description":"Disruptive Innovations in Marine Conservation","potentialAction":{"@type":"SearchAction","target":"https://www.futureoceans.org/?s={search_term_string}","query-input":"required name=search_term_string"}},{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https://www.futureoceans.org/global-oceans-under-climate-change/#primaryimage","inLanguage":"en-US","url":"https://www.futureoceans.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/16516450424_23598a3b9f_k.jpg","width":2048,"height":1361},{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https://www.futureoceans.org/global-oceans-under-climate-change/#webpage","url":"https://www.futureoceans.org/global-oceans-under-climate-change/","name":"Op-Ed: Global Oceans under Climate Change | Future Oceans","isPartOf":{"@id":"https://www.futureoceans.org/#website"},"inLanguage":"en-US","primaryImageOfPage":{"@id":"https://www.futureoceans.org/global-oceans-under-climate-change/#primaryimage"},"datePublished":"2015-11-21T01:19:54+00:00","dateModified":"2019-01-10T15:13:39+00:00","author":{"@id":"https://www.futureoceans.org/#/schema/person/d38594578ab34725583152ff29aa24ef"}},{"@type":["Person"],"@id":"https://www.futureoceans.org/#/schema/person/d38594578ab34725583152ff29aa24ef","name":"Dr. William Cheung","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https://www.futureoceans.org/#authorlogo","inLanguage":"en-US","url":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/027e9fda457726f27fbe1e7a95283ce1?s=96&d=mm&r=g","caption":"Dr. William Cheung"},"sameAs":[]}]}</script>
<!-- / search engine optimisation -->
<link rel='dns-prefetch' href='https://ajax.googleapis.com/' />
<link rel='dns-prefetch' href='http://code.jquery.com/' />
<link rel='dns-prefetch' href='http://s.w.org/' />
<meta property="og:title" content="Op-Ed: Global Oceans under Climate Change"/><meta property="og:type" content="article"/><meta property="og:url" content="https://www.futureoceans.org/global-oceans-under-climate-change/"/><meta property="og:site_name" content="Future Oceans"/><meta property="og:description" content="Here’s a test. Try to list five reasons why the oceans are important to life on earth. It may get a bit difficult when you are down to reason number four or five. Now, describe how the things you just listed would be affected by CO2 emissions caused by human activities. You may think that […]"/><meta property="og:image" content="https://www.futureoceans.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/16516450424_23598a3b9f_k-1024x681.jpg"/> <meta name="twitter:image" content="https://www.futureoceans.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/16516450424_23598a3b9f_k-1024x681.jpg" />
<meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image" />
<meta name="twitter:url" content="https://www.futureoceans.org/global-oceans-under-climate-change/" />
<meta name="twitter:title" content="Op-Ed: Global Oceans under Climate Change" />
<meta name="twitter:description" content="Here’s a test. Try to list five reasons why the oceans are important to life on earth. It may get a bit difficult when you are down to reason number four or five. Now, describe how the things you just listed would be affected by CO2 emissions caused by human activities. You may think that […]" />
<script type="text/javascript">
window._wpemojiSettings = {"baseUrl":"https:\/\/s.w.org\/images\/core\/emoji\/12.0.0-1\/72x72\/","ext":".png","svgUrl":"https:\/\/s.w.org\/images\/core\/emoji\/12.0.0-1\/svg\/","svgExt":".svg","source":{"concatemoji":"https:\/\/www.futureoceans.org\/wp-includes\/js\/wp-emoji-release.min.js?ver=5.3.4"}};
!function(e,a,t){var r,n,o,i,p=a.createElement("canvas"),s=p.getContext&&p.getContext("2d");function c(e,t){var a=String.fromCharCode;s.clearRect(0,0,p.width,p.height),s.fillText(a.apply(this,e),0,0);var r=p.toDataURL();return s.clearRect(0,0,p.width,p.height),s.fillText(a.apply(this,t),0,0),r===p.toDataURL()}function l(e){if(!s||!s.fillText)return!1;switch(s.textBaseline="top",s.font="600 32px Arial",e){case"flag":return!c([127987,65039,8205,9895,65039],[127987,65039,8203,9895,65039])&&(!c([55356,56826,55356,56819],[55356,56826,8203,55356,56819])&&!c([55356,57332,56128,56423,56128,56418,56128,56421,56128,56430,56128,56423,56128,56447],[55356,57332,8203,56128,56423,8203,56128,56418,8203,56128,56421,8203,56128,56430,8203,56128,56423,8203,56128,56447]));case"emoji":return!c([55357,56424,55356,57342,8205,55358,56605,8205,55357,56424,55356,57340],[55357,56424,55356,57342,8203,55358,56605,8203,55357,56424,55356,57340])}return!1}function d(e){var t=a.createElement("script");t.src=e,t.defer=t.type="text/javascript",a.getElementsByTagName("head")[0].appendChild(t)}for(i=Array("flag","emoji"),t.supports={everything:!0,everythingExceptFlag:!0},o=0;o<i.length;o++)t.supports[i[o]]=l(i[o]),t.supports.everything=t.supports.everything&&t.supports[i[o]],"flag"!==i[o]&&(t.supports.everythingExceptFlag=t.supports.everythingExceptFlag&&t.supports[i[o]]);t.supports.everythingExceptFlag=t.supports.everythingExceptFlag&&!t.supports.flag,t.DOMReady=!1,t.readyCallback=function(){t.DOMReady=!0},t.supports.everything||(n=function(){t.readyCallback()},a.addEventListener?(a.addEventListener("DOMContentLoaded",n,!1),e.addEventListener("load",n,!1)):(e.attachEvent("onload",n),a.attachEvent("onreadystatechange",function(){"complete"===a.readyState&&t.readyCallback()})),(r=t.source||{}).concatemoji?d(r.concatemoji):r.wpemoji&&r.twemoji&&(d(r.twemoji),d(r.wpemoji)))}(window,document,window._wpemojiSettings);
</script>
<style type="text/css">
img.wp-smiley,
img.emoji {
display: inline !important;
border: none !important;
box-shadow: none !important;
height: 1em !important;
width: 1em !important;
margin: 0 .07em !important;
vertical-align: -0.1em !important;
background: none !important;
padding: 0 !important;
}
</style>
<link rel='stylesheet' id='wp-block-library-css' href='wp-includes/css/dist/block-library/style.min03ec.css?ver=5.3.4' type='text/css' media='all' />
<link rel='stylesheet' id='newsroom-normalize-css' href='wp-content/themes/JEO-Newsroom/css/normalize03ec.css?ver=5.3.4' type='text/css' media='all' />
<link rel='stylesheet' id='newsroom-entypo-css' href='wp-content/themes/JEO-Newsroom/css/entypo03ec.css?ver=5.3.4' type='text/css' media='all' />
<link rel='stylesheet' id='newsroom-fonts-css' href='https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Source+Sans+Pro%3A400%2C300%2C400italic%2C600%2C600italic%2C700%2C700italic%2C300italic%2C200%7CCrimson+Text%3A400%2C600%2C700&ver=5.3.4' type='text/css' media='all' />
<link rel='stylesheet' id='newsroom-styles-css' href='wp-content/themes/JEO-Newsroom/css/main03ec.css?ver=5.3.4' type='text/css' media='all' />
<link rel='stylesheet' id='photoswipe-css' href='wp-content/themes/JEO-Newsroom/lib/photoswipe/photoswipe03ec.css?ver=5.3.4' type='text/css' media='all' />
<link rel='stylesheet' id='photoswipe-skin-css' href='wp-content/themes/JEO-Newsroom/lib/photoswipe/default-skin/default-skin03ec.css?ver=5.3.4' type='text/css' media='all' />
<link rel='stylesheet' id='chosen-css' href='wp-content/themes/JEO-Newsroom/lib/chosen/chosen.min03ec.css?ver=5.3.4' type='text/css' media='all' />
<link rel='stylesheet' id='jquery-ui-smoothness-css' href='http://code.jquery.com/ui/1.10.3/themes/smoothness/jquery-ui.css?ver=5.3.4' type='text/css' media='all' />
<link rel='stylesheet' id='cartodb-css' href='wp-content/themes/jeo/lib/cartodb0fe2.css?ver=3.15.19' type='text/css' media='all' />
<!--[if lte IE 8]>
<link rel='stylesheet' id='leaflet-ie-css' href='https://www.futureoceans.org/wp-content/themes/jeo/lib/leaflet/leaflet.ie.css?ver=5.3.4' type='text/css' media='all' />
<![endif]-->
<link rel='stylesheet' id='mapbox-css-css' href='wp-content/themes/jeo/lib/mapbox.js-bower-2.4.0/mapbox8d5a.css?ver=2.4.0' type='text/css' media='all' />
<link rel='stylesheet' id='jeo-css' href='wp-content/themes/jeo/inc/css/jeo2fb2.css?ver=0.0.2' type='text/css' media='all' />
<script type='text/javascript' src='wp-includes/js/jquery/jquery4a5f.js?ver=1.12.4-wp'></script>
<script type='text/javascript' src='wp-includes/js/jquery/jquery-migrate.min330a.js?ver=1.4.1'></script>
<script type='text/javascript' src='wp-content/themes/JEO-Newsroom/lib/jquery.fitvids4963.js?ver=1.1'></script>
<script type='text/javascript' src='wp-content/themes/JEO-Newsroom/js/main622c.js?ver=0.0.1'></script>
<script type='text/javascript' src='wp-content/themes/JEO-Newsroom/lib/photoswipe/photoswipe.min03ec.js?ver=5.3.4'></script>
<script type='text/javascript' src='wp-content/themes/JEO-Newsroom/lib/photoswipe/photoswipe-ui-default.min03ec.js?ver=5.3.4'></script>
<script type='text/javascript' src='wp-content/themes/JEO-Newsroom/lib/chosen/chosen.jquery.min03ec.js?ver=5.3.4'></script>
<script type='text/javascript' src='wp-content/themes/jeo/lib/cartodb0fe2.js?ver=3.15.19'></script>
<script type='text/javascript' src='wp-content/themes/jeo/lib/mapbox.js-bower-2.4.0/mapbox.standalone8d5a.js?ver=2.4.0'></script>
<script type='text/javascript' src='wp-includes/js/underscore.min4511.js?ver=1.8.3'></script>
<script type='text/javascript'>
/* <![CDATA[ */
var jeo_localization = {"ajaxurl":"https:\/\/www.futureoceans.org\/wp-admin\/admin-ajax.php","ssl":"1","more_label":"More"};
var jeo_settings = {"mapbox_access_token":""};
/* ]]> */
</script>
<script type='text/javascript' src='wp-content/themes/jeo/inc/js/jeo3390.js?ver=0.4.4'></script>
<script type='text/javascript'>
/* <![CDATA[ */
var jeo_groups = {"ajaxurl":"https:\/\/www.futureoceans.org\/wp-admin\/admin-ajax.php","more_label":"More"};
/* ]]> */
</script>
<script type='text/javascript' src='wp-content/themes/jeo/inc/js/groups4392.js?ver=0.2.7'></script>
<script type='text/javascript'>
/* <![CDATA[ */
var jeo_labels = {"search_placeholder":"Find a location","results_title":"Results","clear_search":"Close search","not_found":"Nothing found, try something else."};
/* ]]> */
</script>
<script type='text/javascript' src='wp-content/themes/jeo/inc/js/geocodef8ab.js?ver=0.0.5'></script>
<script type='text/javascript' src='wp-content/themes/jeo/inc/js/fullscreenbd4f.js?ver=0.0.7'></script>
<script type='text/javascript' src='wp-content/themes/jeo/inc/js/filter-layers6275.js?ver=0.1.3'></script>
<script type='text/javascript' src='wp-content/themes/jeo/inc/js/ui1b65.js?ver=0.0.9'></script>
<script type='text/javascript' src='wp-content/themes/jeo/inc/js/hashc5da.js?ver=0.1.0'></script>
<link rel='https://api.w.org/' href='wp-json/index.html' />
<link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" title="RSD" href="xmlrpc0db0.php?rsd" />
<link rel="wlwmanifest" type="application/wlwmanifest+xml" href="wp-includes/wlwmanifest.xml" />
<meta name="generator" content="WordPress 5.3.4" />
<link rel='shortlink' href='indexa1ca.html?p=15' />
<link rel="alternate" type="application/json+oembed" href="wp-json/oembed/1.0/embed9876.json?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.futureoceans.org%2Fglobal-oceans-under-climate-change%2F" />
<link rel="alternate" type="text/xml+oembed" href="wp-json/oembed/1.0/embed365e?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.futureoceans.org%2Fglobal-oceans-under-climate-change%2F&format=xml" />
<script>
(function(i,s,o,g,r,a,m){i['GoogleAnalyticsObject']=r;i[r]=i[r]||function(){
(i[r].q=i[r].q||[]).push(arguments)},i[r].l=1*new Date();a=s.createElement(o),
m=s.getElementsByTagName(o)[0];a.async=1;a.src=g;m.parentNode.insertBefore(a,m)
})(window,document,'script','https://www.google-analytics.com/analytics.js','ga');
ga('create', 'UA-70722913-2', 'auto');
ga('require', 'linkid');
ga('send', 'pageview');
</script>
<link rel="icon" href="wp-content/uploads/2020/03/cropped-EJN-Tree-01-32x32.png" sizes="32x32" />
<link rel="icon" href="wp-content/uploads/2020/03/cropped-EJN-Tree-01-192x192.png" sizes="192x192" />
<link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" href="wp-content/uploads/2020/03/cropped-EJN-Tree-01-180x180.png" />
<meta name="msapplication-TileImage" content="https://www.futureoceans.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/cropped-EJN-Tree-01-270x270.png" />
<style type="text/css" id="wp-custom-css">
/* type */
h1 {
color: #0FA4D4;
font-family: 'Source Sans Pro', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;
font-weight: light;
font-weight: 200;
letter-spacing: -.02em;
font-size: 6.75rem;
}
#primary h1 {
font-size: 4rem;
font-weight: bold;
font-weight: 400;
}
h2 {
font-size: 2.5rem;
margin-top: .5em;
font-weight: normal;
color: #33A19C;
}
h3 {
font-size: 2rem;
line-height: 1.25em;
font-weight: normal;
color: #666;
}
.siteorigin-panels .entry-content .widget-title {
font-weight: bold;
}
.newsroom-section-title h2 {
font-size: 2rem;
font-weight: bold;
}
/* navbar */
#masthead #mastnav ul.menu li a {
color: #33A19C;
}
/* header */
#masthead .site-meta {
width: 100%;
margin: 3em 0 1em;
}
/* hide the text nameplate */
#alt-nameplate {
border: 0;
clip: rect(0 0 0 0);
height: 1px;
margin: -1px;
overflow: hidden;
padding: 0;
position: absolute;
width: 1px;
}
/* colophon */
#colophon {
background-color: #0FA4D4;
}
#colophon #footer-nav ul li a {
background-color: #5BD7E5;
color: #0FA4D4;
}
/* story details */
#primary .post-meta .byline p {
color: #33A19C;
}
#primary .post-meta .terms .tax-item p {
color: #33A19C;
}
#primary .post-meta .terms .tax-item ul li a {
background: #33A19C;
color: #fff;
}
#primary .post-meta .terms {
border-top: 2px solid #33A19C;
}
#primary .post-meta {
border-bottom: 1px solid #33A19C;
}
/* button */
.button, input[type="submit"], button, a.button {
background-color: #0FA4D4;
color: #fff;
} </style>
</head>
<body class="post-template-default single single-post postid-15 single-format-standard en-US">
<header id="masthead">
<div>
<div class="site-meta">
<h1> <a href="index.html" title="Future Oceans">
Future Oceans </a>
</h1> </div>
<div class="top-nav">
<nav id="langnav">
</nav>
<nav id="socialnav">
</nav>
</div>
</div>
<div>
<nav id="mastnav">
<div class="menu-header-container"><ul id="menu-header" class="menu"><li id="menu-item-693" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-693"><a href="prologue/index.html">Prologue</a></li>
<li id="menu-item-50" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-home menu-item-50"><a href="index.html">Table of Contents</a></li>
<li id="menu-item-954" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-954"><a href="changing-the-oceans/index.html">Changing the Oceans</a></li>
<li id="menu-item-953" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-953"><a href="exploring-the-oceans/index.html">Exploring the Oceans</a></li>
<li id="menu-item-952" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-952"><a href="monitoring-the-oceans/index.html">Monitoring the Oceans</a></li>
<li id="menu-item-951" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-951"><a href="healing-the-oceans/index.html">Healing the Oceans</a></li>
</ul></div> <form role="search" method="get" id="searchform" action="https://www.futureoceans.org/">
<!-- <div>
<input type="text" name="s" id="s" placeholder="Search here..." value="" />
</div>
</form> -->
</nav>
</div>
</header>
<div class="mobile-header" style="display:none;">
<span class="logo"> <a href="index.html" title="Future Oceans">
Future Oceans </a>
</span> <nav id="mobile-nav">
<a href="javascript:void(0);" class="icon toggle-nav icon-menu"></a>
<div class="mobile-nav-content">
<div class="menu-header-container"><ul id="menu-header-1" class="menu"><li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-693"><a href="prologue/index.html">Prologue</a></li>
<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-home menu-item-50"><a href="index.html">Table of Contents</a></li>
<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-954"><a href="changing-the-oceans/index.html">Changing the Oceans</a></li>
<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-953"><a href="exploring-the-oceans/index.html">Exploring the Oceans</a></li>
<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-952"><a href="monitoring-the-oceans/index.html">Monitoring the Oceans</a></li>
<li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-951"><a href="healing-the-oceans/index.html">Healing the Oceans</a></li>
</ul></div> <form role="search" method="get" id="searchform" action="https://www.futureoceans.org/">
<!-- <div>
<input type="text" name="s" id="s" placeholder="Search here..." value="" />
</div>
</form> -->
</div>
</nav>
</div>
<article id="primary" class="content-area" role="main">
<header class="page-header">
<h1>Op-Ed: Global Oceans under Climate Change</h1>
<div class="kicker">
<div class="kicker-image-container" style="width:1020px;"><img width="1020" height="678" src="wp-content/uploads/2015/11/16516450424_23598a3b9f_k-1020x678.jpg" class="attachment-kicker size-kicker wp-post-image" alt="" srcset="https://www.futureoceans.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/16516450424_23598a3b9f_k-1020x678.jpg 1020w, https://www.futureoceans.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/16516450424_23598a3b9f_k-300x199.jpg 300w, https://www.futureoceans.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/16516450424_23598a3b9f_k-1024x681.jpg 1024w, https://www.futureoceans.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/16516450424_23598a3b9f_k-272x182.jpg 272w, https://www.futureoceans.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/16516450424_23598a3b9f_k.jpg 2048w" sizes="(max-width: 1020px) 100vw, 1020px" /><div class="image-caption"></div></div> </div>
<div class="post-meta">
<div class="byline">
<p>Dr. William Cheung, November 21, 2015</p>
</div>
<div class="terms">
<div class="newsroom-tax-terms">
<div class="tax-category tax-item">
<p>Categories:</p>
<ul>
<li><a href="category/article/index.html">Article</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="tax-post_tag tax-item">
<p>Tags:</p>
<ul>
<li><a href="tag/biodiversity/index.html">biodiversity</a></li>
<li><a href="tag/carbon-emissions/index.html">carbon emissions</a></li>
<li><a href="tag/changing-ocean/index.html">Changing Ocean</a></li>
<li><a href="tag/climate-change/index.html">climate change</a></li>
<li><a href="tag/coral/index.html">coral</a></li>
<li><a href="tag/global-warming/index.html">global warming</a></li>
<li><a href="tag/greenhouse-gas-emissions/index.html">greenhouse gas emissions</a></li>
<li><a href="tag/ipcc/index.html">IPCC</a></li>
<li><a href="tag/ocean/index.html">ocean</a></li>
<li><a href="tag/reefs/index.html">reefs</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="tax-topic tax-item">
<p>Topics:</p>
<ul>
<li><a href="topic/climate/index.html">Climate</a></li>
<li><a href="topic/oceans/index.html">Oceans</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</header>
<div class="content-container">
<!-- <aside id="share">
<p>Share this story</p>
<ul>
<li>
<div class="fb-like" data-href="https://www.futureoceans.org/global-oceans-under-climate-change/" data-layout="box_count" data-show-faces="false" data-send="false" data-share="true"></div>
</li>
<li>
<a href="https://twitter.com/share" class="twitter-share-button" data-url="https://www.futureoceans.org/global-oceans-under-climate-change/" data-lang="en" data-count="vertical">Tweet</a>
</li>
<li>
<div class="g-plusone" data-size="tall" data-href="global-oceans-under-climate-change/index.html"></div>
</li>
<li>
<script src="http://platform.linkedin.com/in.js" type="text/javascript"> lang: en_US</script>
<script type="IN/Share" data-counter="top"></script>
</li>
</ul>
</aside> -->
<section class="content">
<p>Here’s a test. Try to list five reasons why the oceans are important to life on earth. It may get a bit difficult when you are down to reason number four or five. Now, describe how the things you just listed would be affected by CO<sub>2</sub> emissions caused by human activities. You may think that I am expecting too much from you. I am not. These facts are as important as knowing why water is essential to the world and how polluting it would affect us.</p>
<p>The global ocean is vast and so is the diversity of organisms that call it home. It covers 71% of the Earth’s surface, housing hundreds of thousands of species. In fact, it is essential for the survival of humans and other organisms on land as it is critical in regulating the earth’s climate to make it hospitable for us. Marine ecosystems also provide other essential goods and services such as food and coastal protection and are an integral component of my culture.</p>
<p>The oceans contribute tremendously to moderating the effects of greenhouse gas emissions on the climate, although this is achieved with great costs. In a recent paper published in <em>Science,</em> my colleagues and I summarized these benefits and costs. While the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) concludes that the warming of the Earth’s surface is caused by human CO<sub>2</sub> emissions, the global ocean has already done a tremendous service to us by absorbing 93% of the additional heat caused by these emissions since the 1970s. The ocean also has captured 28% of CO<sub>2</sub> emitted from our (and our ancestor’s) activities since 1750. Thus, without these moderating effects from the oceans, climate change would have been much more severe by now.</p>
<p>The absorption of heat and CO<sub>2</sub> substantially alters the physical and chemical properties of the oceans, which in turn has large effects on marine organisms. The heat warms up the ocean, reducing the amount of oxygen context, and the CO<sub>2</sub> acidifies the oceans. This combination can be deadly to marine life and affects us through decreases in fisheries catches and diversity of species, loss of tourism attractions such as diving and snorkeling, and increases in exposure to storms and other extreme events. In addition, as the ocean absorbs heat and CO<sub>2</sub>, its ability to moderate more CO<sub>2</sub> emissions actually reduces.</p>
<p>Many of the impacts of climate change on the oceans have already been recorded. Marine species ranging from plankton to fish, and marine mammals have shifted their distributions by tens to hundreds of kilometers per decade generally towards the poles, or to cooler waters, to find areas where they can survive as the ocean changes. Seasonality of biological events such as reproduction and migration are also altered. Ocean acidification has been shown to affect fish and shellfish from high latitudes to the tropics. These changes affect food web interactions between marine producers, grazers, and predators, creating new compositions of species that have not been seen in recent history. Additionally, marine biodiversity and ecosystems are already facing a multitude of threats from humans, including overfishing, habitat destruction, and pollution. These threats will add to, and even be exacerbated by, the impacts of CO<sub>2</sub> emissions.</p>
<p>Today, sensitive and vulnerable ecosystems such as tropical coral reefs are taking the brunt of these impacts. Tropical coral reefs are particularly sensitive to the combination of CO<sub>2</sub> related stressors. Under heat stress, corals “bleach” by losing symbiotic algae that is essential for their survival. Ocean acidification makes it more difficult for corals to build calcium carbonate exoskeletons, making them amongst the most sensitive groups of organisms to ocean acidification. In some locations in the tropical oceans, such as in Papua New Guinea, CO<sub>2</sub> is naturally seeping out from the ground, providing a window for us to see what coral reefs ecosystem are like in a high CO<sub>2</sub> ocean. Coral reefs closer to these sites have substantially lower diversity of both corals and their associated species. Coral reefs provide critical habitats for tens of thousands of species. They are also important tourist attractions, and their fisheries are an important source of food and livelihood for coastal communities. Loss of coral reefs will thus threaten biodiversity, income, livelihood, and food security.</p>
<p>Fishermen’s catches in general are affected when distribution and abundance of the fish stocks shift. A study, conducted by colleagues and myself, analyzed the world’s marine fisheries catches since the 1970s. We developed an indicator to use fish catches as a “thermometer” that is based on the average temperature preferences of species in the fisheries catches. We found that the world’s catches have been increasingly dominated by warmer water species in the last four decades at a rate that is related to ocean warming, even after the effects of changes in fishing intensity have been accounted for.</p>
<p>The oceans will look substantially different in the future if we make different decisions on limitations of greenhouse gas emissions and ocean management. Under the “business-as-usual” scenario, and without major efforts in limiting emissions, temperatures in the surface layer of the ocean are expected to increase by 2.7<sup>o </sup>C from levels in the 1990s, and the ocean will acidify at a rate that is unprecedented over the past millions of years. Many marine organisms, from seagrass, coral reefs, and shellfish to fish and seabirds will be severely impacted. Fish stocks are projected to shift their distribution 65% faster towards the poles compared to a scenario in which we limit ocean warming below 1<sup>o </sup>C relative to the 1990s.</p>
<p>Climate change is expected to impact the tropical marine ecosystems the hardest, through a combination of loss of biodiversity, decreases in potential fisheries catches, sea level rises, and the inherent high dependence of many tropical countries and communities on marine ecosystems. The capacity to adapt to these impacts is relatively low. However, areas outside the tropics will not be safe from climate change impacts. Warming, ocean acidification, and the loss of sea ice are threatening polar ecosystems. Shifts in distribution of commercially important fish stocks are expected to lead to international fisheries conflicts. Some countries and communities may lose their traditionally or culturally important fisheries. In addition, given the globalized networks of seafood supply, decreases in catches in the tropics, of tuna, for example, will also impact markets far away from the sources.</p>
<p>Opportunities still exist that would allow us to substantially reduce these impacts. Limiting emissions to a less than 1<sup>o </sup>C warmth of the ocean going forward is necessary; otherwise, a substantially different ocean would result from any less-stringent emissions scenarios. Also, we need to implement all other measures to reduce the existing stresses on marine ecosystems, which will help reduce impacts from climate change. Efforts to rebuild ecosystems and biodiversity that have already been damaged (e.g., coral reefs) are needed. However, all these opportunities will disappear if we do not act quickly.</p>
<p>The ocean is a vital component of the Earth, supporting life in this planet and our own well-being. Any discussion about the sustainability of this planet, such as setting CO<sub>2</sub> emission limits or goals for sustainable development, must consider the oceans. Otherwise, such discussions will risk making inadequate decisions for the future of the planet.</p>
<p> </p>
<!-- <aside id="bottom-share">
<p>Share this story</p>
<ul>
<li>
<div class="fb-like" data-href="https://www.futureoceans.org/global-oceans-under-climate-change/" data-layout="box_count" data-show-faces="false" data-send="false" data-share="true"></div>
</li>
<li>
<a href="https://twitter.com/share" class="twitter-share-button" data-url="https://www.futureoceans.org/global-oceans-under-climate-change/" data-lang="en" data-count="vertical">Tweet</a>
</li>
<li>
<div class="g-plusone" data-size="tall" data-href="https://www.futureoceans.org/global-oceans-under-climate-change/"></div>
</li>
<li>
<script src="http://platform.linkedin.com/in.js" type="text/javascript"> lang: en_US</script>
<script type="IN/Share" data-counter="top"></script>
</li>
</ul>
</aside> -->
<div id="comments" class="comments-area row">
</div><!-- #comments --> </section>
</div>
<aside id="sidebar">
<ul class="widgets">
</ul>
</aside>
</article>
<footer id="colophon">
<div class="footer-content">
<nav id="footer-nav">
<div class="menu"><ul>
<li class="page_item page-item-6"><a href="changing-the-oceans/index.html">Changing the Oceans</a></li>
<li class="page_item page-item-390"><a href="exploring-the-oceans/index.html">Exploring the Oceans</a></li>
<li class="page_item page-item-738"><a href="healing-the-oceans/index.html">Healing the Oceans</a></li>
<li class="page_item page-item-567"><a href="monitoring-the-oceans/index.html">Monitoring the Oceans</a></li>
<li class="page_item page-item-4"><a href="index.html">Table of Contents</a></li>
</ul></div>
</nav>
<ul id="footer-sidebar">
</ul>
<div class="credits">
<!-- <p>This website is built on <a href="http://wordpress.org/" target="_blank" rel="external">WordPress</a> using the <a href="http://github.com/infoamazonia/newsroom/" target="_blank" rel="external">JEO Newsroom</a> theme</p> -->
</div>
</div>
</footer>
<div id="fb-root"></div>
<script>(function(d, s, id) {
var js, fjs = d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0];
if (d.getElementById(id)) return;
js = d.createElement(s); js.id = id;
js.src = "https://connect.facebook.net/en_US/all.js#xfbml=1&appId=1674475586098505";
fjs.parentNode.insertBefore(js, fjs);
}(document, 'script', 'facebook-jssdk'));</script>
<script>!function(d,s,id){var js,fjs=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0];if(!d.getElementById(id)){js=d.createElement(s);js.id=id;js.src="https://platform.twitter.com/widgets.js";fjs.parentNode.insertBefore(js,fjs);}}(document,"script","twitter-wjs");</script>
<script type="text/javascript">
(function() {
var po = document.createElement('script'); po.type = 'text/javascript'; po.async = true;
po.src = 'https://apis.google.com/js/plusone.js';
var s = document.getElementsByTagName('script')[0]; s.parentNode.insertBefore(po, s);
})();
</script>
<link rel='stylesheet' id='range-slider-css' href='wp-content/themes/jeo/lib/range-slider/css/classic-min03ec.css?ver=5.3.4' type='text/css' media='all' />
<link rel='stylesheet' id='jeo-range-slider-css' href='wp-content/themes/jeo/inc/css/range-slider03ec.css?ver=5.3.4' type='text/css' media='all' />
<script type='text/javascript' src='wp-includes/js/dist/vendor/moment.mind4d7.js?ver=2.22.2'></script>
<script type='text/javascript'>
moment.locale( 'en_US', {"months":["January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"monthsShort":["Jan","Feb","Mar","Apr","May","Jun","Jul","Aug","Sep","Oct","Nov","Dec"],"weekdays":["Sunday","Monday","Tuesday","Wednesday","Thursday","Friday","Saturday"],"weekdaysShort":["Sun","Mon","Tue","Wed","Thu","Fri","Sat"],"week":{"dow":0},"longDateFormat":{"LT":"g:i a","LTS":null,"L":null,"LL":"F j, Y","LLL":"F j, Y g:i a","LLLL":null}} );
</script>
<script type='text/javascript' src='wp-includes/js/jquery/ui/core.mine899.js?ver=1.11.4'></script>
<script type='text/javascript' src='wp-includes/js/jquery/ui/datepicker.mine899.js?ver=1.11.4'></script>
<script type='text/javascript'>
jQuery(document).ready(function(jQuery){jQuery.datepicker.setDefaults({"closeText":"Close","currentText":"Today","monthNames":["January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"monthNamesShort":["Jan","Feb","Mar","Apr","May","Jun","Jul","Aug","Sep","Oct","Nov","Dec"],"nextText":"Next","prevText":"Previous","dayNames":["Sunday","Monday","Tuesday","Wednesday","Thursday","Friday","Saturday"],"dayNamesShort":["Sun","Mon","Tue","Wed","Thu","Fri","Sat"],"dayNamesMin":["S","M","T","W","T","F","S"],"dateFormat":"MM d, yy","firstDay":0,"isRTL":false});});
</script>
<script type='text/javascript' src='wp-includes/js/comment-reply.min03ec.js?ver=5.3.4'></script>
<script type='text/javascript' src='https://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/d3js/4.13.0/d3.min.js?ver=4.13.0'></script>
<script type='text/javascript' src='wp-includes/js/wp-embed.min03ec.js?ver=5.3.4'></script>
<script type='text/javascript'>
/* <![CDATA[ */
var jeo_markers = {"ajaxurl":"https:\/\/www.futureoceans.org\/wp-admin\/admin-ajax.php","query":{"p":15,"error":"","m":"","post_parent":"","subpost":"","subpost_id":"","attachment":"","attachment_id":0,"name":"","pagename":"","page_id":0,"second":"","minute":"","hour":"","day":0,"monthnum":0,"year":0,"w":0,"category_name":"","tag":"","cat":"","tag_id":"","author":"","author_name":"","feed":"","tb":"","paged":1,"meta_key":"","meta_value":"","preview":"","s":"","sentence":"","title":"","fields":"","menu_order":"","embed":"","category__in":[],"category__not_in":[],"category__and":[],"post__in":[],"post__not_in":[],"post_name__in":[],"tag__in":[],"tag__not_in":[],"tag__and":[],"tag_slug__in":[],"tag_slug__and":[],"post_parent__in":[],"post_parent__not_in":[],"author__in":[],"author__not_in":[],"ignore_sticky_posts":false,"cache_results":false,"update_post_term_cache":true,"lazy_load_term_meta":true,"update_post_meta_cache":true,"post_type":["post"],"posts_per_page":200,"nopaging":false,"comments_per_page":"50","no_found_rows":false,"order":"DESC","post_status":"publish"},"markerextent":"1","markerextent_defaultzoom":"","enable_clustering":""};
/* ]]> */
</script>
<script type='text/javascript' src='wp-content/themes/jeo/inc/js/markersca30.js?ver=0.2.19'></script>
<script type='text/javascript' src='wp-includes/js/jquery/ui/widget.mine899.js?ver=1.11.4'></script>
<script type='text/javascript' src='wp-includes/js/jquery/ui/mouse.mine899.js?ver=1.11.4'></script>
<script type='text/javascript' src='wp-content/themes/jeo/lib/jquery.mousewheel03ec.js?ver=5.3.4'></script>
<script type='text/javascript' src='wp-content/themes/jeo/lib/range-slider/jQAllRangeSliders-withRuler-min03ec.js?ver=5.3.4'></script>
<script type='text/javascript' src='wp-content/themes/jeo/lib/moment03ec.js?ver=5.3.4'></script>
<script type='text/javascript'>
/* <![CDATA[ */
var jeo_range_slider_options = {"rangeType":"dateRangeSlider","options":{"dateFormat":"MM\/DD\/YYYY"}};
var jeo_range_slider_options = {"rangeType":"dateRangeSlider","options":{"dateFormat":"MM\/DD\/YYYY"}};
/* ]]> */
</script>
<script type='text/javascript' src='wp-content/themes/jeo/inc/js/range-slider6275.js?ver=0.1.3'></script>
</body>
<!-- This is an archived copy of www.futureoceans.org/?p=15 by Internews Global Technology Hub on Tue, 23 Jun 2020 20:34:58 GMT -->
</html>