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<h1>Biodiversity and Resilience of Deep-Sea Hydrothermal Vent Communities</h1>
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<p>The biodiversity of deep-sea hydrothermal vents is relatively well understood but we know much less about the ability of vent communities to withstand human impacts not to mention our ability to prevent or mitigate these impacts. </p>
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<div class="kicker-image-container" style="width:1020px;"><img width="1020" height="661" src="wp-content/uploads/2016/01/goctubeworms-close3-crop-e1453313181164-1020x661.jpg" class="attachment-kicker size-kicker wp-post-image" alt="" srcset="https://www.futureoceans.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/goctubeworms-close3-crop-e1453313181164-1020x661.jpg 1020w, https://www.futureoceans.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/goctubeworms-close3-crop-e1453313181164-300x194.jpg 300w, https://www.futureoceans.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/goctubeworms-close3-crop-e1453313181164-1024x663.jpg 1024w, https://www.futureoceans.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/goctubeworms-close3-crop-e1453313181164.jpg 1440w" sizes="(max-width: 1020px) 100vw, 1020px" /><div class="image-caption"><p>This close-up view of a colony of giant tubeworms shows specialized fish, crabs, and limpets that live in and among the supporting structure provided by the worms. Image: © 2012 MBARI</p>
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<p>Kim Fulton-Bennett, January 20, 2016</p>
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<p>Deep-sea hydrothermal vents are found along mid-ocean ridges and back-arc basins in all of the world’s oceans. Since 1977, when the first deep-sea vent was discovered near the Galapagos Islands, scientists have identified hundreds of vent fields and over 500 species of animals that are new to science. Many vents remain to be discovered, especially in Polar regions and remote parts of the Southern Hemisphere.</p>
<div id="attachment_319" style="width: 1806px" class="wp-caption aligncenter"><a href="wp-content/uploads/2016/01/riftia6.jpg"><img aria-describedby="caption-attachment-319" class="wp-image-319 size-full" src="wp-content/uploads/2016/01/riftia6.jpg" alt="Riftia pachyptila tubeworms such as these were one of the first animal species discovered at deep-sea hydrothermal vents. These amazing worms, which can grow over two meters long, were first seen during a landmark 1977 dive at the Galapagos Rift using the research submersible Alvin. This colony was photographed 2,000 meters below the ocean surface, at a hydrothermal vent in the Guaymas Basin of the Gulf of California. Image: © 2003 MBARI Tiburon and its host vessel Western Flyer spent about three months performing biological, chemical, and geological studies in the Gulf of California during spring of 2003. The Riftia tubeworm colonies grow where hot, mineral-laden water flows out of the seafloor in undersea hot springs. As volcanic activity deep below the seafloor changes, sometimes these hot springs stop flowing. In this case, the entire worm colony may die off. But new hot springs appear in other areas, and these are colonized by tubeworm larvae within a year or so. Marine biologists at MBARI are studying how rapidly the tubeworms can colonize new hot springs, which may be dozens or hundreds of miles from the old ones. Tiburon Dive# 528Lat= 27.00713158Lon= -111.40825653Depth= 2007.6 m Temp= 2.909 C Sal= 34.383 PSU Oxy= 0.60 ml/l Xmiss= 82.4%Source= digitalImages/Tiburon/2003/tibr528/DSCN0124.JPGEpoch seconds= 1047005774Beta timecode= 02:02:20:28" width="1796" height="1536" srcset="https://www.futureoceans.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/riftia6.jpg 1796w, https://www.futureoceans.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/riftia6-300x257.jpg 300w, https://www.futureoceans.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/riftia6-1024x876.jpg 1024w, https://www.futureoceans.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/riftia6-935x800.jpg 935w" sizes="(max-width: 1796px) 100vw, 1796px" /></a><p id="caption-attachment-319" class="wp-caption-text">Riftia pachyptila tubeworms such as these were one of the first animal species discovered at deep-sea hydrothermal vents. These amazing worms, which can grow over two meters long, were first seen during a landmark 1977 dive at the Galapagos Rift using the research submersible Alvin. This colony was photographed 2,000 meters below the ocean surface, at a hydrothermal vent in the Guaymas Basin of the Gulf of California. Image: © 2003 MBARI</p></div>
<p>Most vents occur where volcanic activity heats fluids beneath the seafloor. These fluids rise through rock and sediment and emerge as underwater geysers and hot springs. Some vents form around volcanic “hot spots.” Others are strung out along mid-ocean ridges–chains of volcanoes that form where ocean crust is splitting apart. Along active, fast-spreading ridges, vents may occur every few kilometers. At less active ridges, vents may be spaced hundreds of kilometers apart.</p>
<p>The fluids spewing from hydrothermal vents are typically rich in sulfides of heavy metals such as iron, manganese, copper, and lead (some vent fluids contain carbonates or hydrocarbons rather than sulfides). When these superheated fluids come in contact with near-freezing seawater, the minerals crystalize, forming mounds, spires, and chimneys that rise tens of meters above the surrounding seafloor.</p>
<div id="attachment_177" style="width: 1930px" class="wp-caption aligncenter"><a href="wp-content/uploads/2016/01/goc-tubeworm1.jpg"><img aria-describedby="caption-attachment-177" class="size-full wp-image-177" src="wp-content/uploads/2016/01/goc-tubeworm1.jpg" alt="Tubeworms on a hydrothermal vent chimney on the Alarcon Rise, southern Gulf of California This photograph shows a graceful colony of tubeworms in the Guaymas Basin of the Gulf of California. These worms live in a field of deep-sea vents that the Mexican government designated a marine protected area in 2009. Vent animals such as these have adapted to survive changes in water chemistry as seafloor volcanic activity waxes and wanes. However, it remains to be seen if they can adapt to the increasing intensity of human activity in the deep sea. Image: © 2012 MBARI" width="1920" height="1080" srcset="https://www.futureoceans.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/goc-tubeworm1.jpg 1920w, https://www.futureoceans.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/goc-tubeworm1-300x169.jpg 300w, https://www.futureoceans.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/goc-tubeworm1-1024x576.jpg 1024w, https://www.futureoceans.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/goc-tubeworm1-1020x574.jpg 1020w" sizes="(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px" /></a><p id="caption-attachment-177" class="wp-caption-text">This photograph shows a graceful colony of tubeworms in the Guaymas Basin of the Gulf of California. These worms live in a field of deep-sea vents that the Mexican government designated a marine protected area in 2009. Image: © 2012 MBARI</p></div>
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<a href='spotlight-biodiversity-and-resilience-of-deep-sea-hydrothermal-vent-communities/tubeworms-alarcon-rise/index.html'><img width="760" height="428" src="wp-content/uploads/2016/01/goc-tubeworm1-1024x576.jpg" class="attachment-large size-large" alt="" aria-describedby="gallery-1-177" srcset="https://www.futureoceans.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/goc-tubeworm1-1024x576.jpg 1024w, https://www.futureoceans.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/goc-tubeworm1-300x169.jpg 300w, https://www.futureoceans.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/goc-tubeworm1-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://www.futureoceans.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/goc-tubeworm1.jpg 1920w" sizes="(max-width: 760px) 100vw, 760px" /></a>
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<dd class='wp-caption-text gallery-caption' id='gallery-1-177'>
Tubeworms on a hydrothermal vent chimney on the Alarcon Rise, southern Gulf of California
This photograph shows a graceful colony of tubeworms in the Guaymas Basin of the Gulf of California. These worms live in a field of deep-sea vents that the Mexican government designated a marine protected area in 2009. Vent animals such as these have adapted to survive changes in water chemistry as seafloor volcanic activity waxes and wanes. However, it remains to be seen if they can adapt to the increasing intensity of human activity in the deep sea. Image: © 2012 MBARI
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<a href='spotlight-biodiversity-and-resilience-of-deep-sea-hydrothermal-vent-communities/alarcon-chimneys-d752-crop/index.html'><img width="760" height="543" src="wp-content/uploads/2016/01/alarcon-chimneys-D752-crop-1024x732.jpg" class="attachment-large size-large" alt="" aria-describedby="gallery-1-175" srcset="https://www.futureoceans.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/alarcon-chimneys-D752-crop-1024x732.jpg 1024w, https://www.futureoceans.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/alarcon-chimneys-D752-crop-300x214.jpg 300w, https://www.futureoceans.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/alarcon-chimneys-D752-crop-1020x729.jpg 1020w, https://www.futureoceans.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/alarcon-chimneys-D752-crop.jpg 1495w" sizes="(max-width: 760px) 100vw, 760px" /></a>
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Black smokers such as these form when magma beneath the seafloor heats subsurface fluids to several hundred degrees Celsius. When these superheated fluids come in contact with near-freezing seawater, particles of heavy-metal sulfide compounds crystalize, forming tiny particles that look like “smoke” as well as rocky spires that can grow more than 20 meters above the surrounding seafloor. Image: © 2015 MBARI
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<a href='spotlight-biodiversity-and-resilience-of-deep-sea-hydrothermal-vent-communities/axial-d270-snowblower-6-crop/index.html'><img width="760" height="468" src="wp-content/uploads/2016/01/axial-d270-snowblower-6-crop-1024x631.jpg" class="attachment-large size-large" alt="" aria-describedby="gallery-1-176" srcset="https://www.futureoceans.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/axial-d270-snowblower-6-crop-1024x631.jpg 1024w, https://www.futureoceans.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/axial-d270-snowblower-6-crop-300x185.jpg 300w, https://www.futureoceans.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/axial-d270-snowblower-6-crop-1020x628.jpg 1020w, https://www.futureoceans.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/axial-d270-snowblower-6-crop.jpg 1577w" sizes="(max-width: 760px) 100vw, 760px" /></a>
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Not all hydrothermal vents emit scalding fluids. These “snow-blower vents” off the coast of Oregon emit water that is about only about 18 degrees Celsius (but that’s still a lot warmer than the surrounding seawater). The white particles are colonies of bacteria that use the vent fluids as a source of nutrition. Image: © 2011 MBARI
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<a href='spotlight-biodiversity-and-resilience-of-deep-sea-hydrothermal-vent-communities/vent-map-2015/index.html'><img width="760" height="532" src="wp-content/uploads/2016/01/vent-map-2015-1024x717.jpg" class="attachment-large size-large" alt="" aria-describedby="gallery-1-180" srcset="https://www.futureoceans.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/vent-map-2015-1024x717.jpg 1024w, https://www.futureoceans.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/vent-map-2015-300x210.jpg 300w, https://www.futureoceans.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/vent-map-2015-1020x714.jpg 1020w" sizes="(max-width: 760px) 100vw, 760px" /></a>
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Map of vent communities around the globe.
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<a href='spotlight-biodiversity-and-resilience-of-deep-sea-hydrothermal-vent-communities/goctubeworms-close3-crop/index.html'><img width="760" height="492" src="wp-content/uploads/2016/01/goctubeworms-close3-crop-e1453313181164-1024x663.jpg" class="attachment-large size-large" alt="" aria-describedby="gallery-1-178" srcset="https://www.futureoceans.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/goctubeworms-close3-crop-e1453313181164-1024x663.jpg 1024w, https://www.futureoceans.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/goctubeworms-close3-crop-e1453313181164-300x194.jpg 300w, https://www.futureoceans.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/goctubeworms-close3-crop-e1453313181164-1020x661.jpg 1020w, https://www.futureoceans.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/goctubeworms-close3-crop-e1453313181164.jpg 1440w" sizes="(max-width: 760px) 100vw, 760px" /></a>
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This close-up view of a colony of giant tubeworms shows specialized fish, crabs, and limpets that live in and among the supporting structure provided by the worms. Image: © 2012 MBARI
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<a href='spotlight-biodiversity-and-resilience-of-deep-s/photograph-taken-by-the-remotely-operated-vehic/index.html'><img width="760" height="580" src="wp-content/uploads/2016/01/snails-jasonII-2005-crop-1024x782.jpg" class="attachment-large size-large" alt="" aria-describedby="gallery-1-179" srcset="https://www.futureoceans.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/snails-jasonII-2005-crop-1024x782.jpg 1024w, https://www.futureoceans.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/snails-jasonII-2005-crop-300x229.jpg 300w, https://www.futureoceans.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/snails-jasonII-2005-crop-1020x779.jpg 1020w, https://www.futureoceans.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/snails-jasonII-2005-crop.jpg 1556w" sizes="(max-width: 760px) 100vw, 760px" /></a>
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This photograph, taken by the remotely operated vehicle Jason II, shows several different species of deep-sea snails at a hydrothermal vent in the Fiji Basin. Alviniconcha boucheti and Alviniconcha kojimai snails live closest to the hot, acidic vent effluent. Ifremeria nautilei snails and Bathymodiolus septemdierum mussels cluster slightly farther away from the vent. The two species of Alviniconcha snails are morphologically indistinguishable, yet genetically distinct. They are only found in the Manus, Lau, and North Fiji basins. Image: Courtesy of Robert Vrijenhoek and Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute.
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<a href='spotlight-biodiversity-and-resilience-of-deep-sea-hydrothermal-vent-communities/jdf-smoker-t877-crop/index.html'><img width="760" height="760" src="wp-content/uploads/2016/01/jdf-smoker-t877-crop-1024x1024.jpg" class="attachment-large size-large" alt="" aria-describedby="gallery-1-181" srcset="https://www.futureoceans.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/jdf-smoker-t877-crop-1024x1024.jpg 1024w, https://www.futureoceans.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/jdf-smoker-t877-crop-150x150.jpg 150w, https://www.futureoceans.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/jdf-smoker-t877-crop-300x300.jpg 300w, https://www.futureoceans.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/jdf-smoker-t877-crop-800x800.jpg 800w, https://www.futureoceans.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/jdf-smoker-t877-crop-87x87.jpg 87w, https://www.futureoceans.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/jdf-smoker-t877-crop.jpg 1536w" sizes="(max-width: 760px) 100vw, 760px" /></a>
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This black smoker on the Juan de Fuca Ridge has been colonized by just a few small tubeworms (the feathery objects on the orange chimney at right). Colonies of vent microbes and vent animals are sustained by a delicate, ever-changing balance between the chemistry and pH of the vent fluids and that of the surrounding seawater. Human impacts on the ocean, such as ocean acidification, can affect this balance, potentially disrupting ocean life even at these remote, deep-sea environments. © 2005 MBARI
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<p>Active vents are colonized by a variety of chemosynthetic microbes that consume sulfides, hydrocarbons and even hydrogen. These microbes are the primary source of nutrition for animals that live around the vents. Some vent animals consume the microbes directly. Others incorporate microbes into or on their bodies as symbionts.</p>
<p>Common animals at vents include tubeworms, mussels, clams, barnacles, shrimps, limpets, and snails. All vent animals have special adaptations that help them survive and even thrive in the challenging physical and chemical conditions found near vents.</p>
<p>Many vent species are like terrestrial weeds—fast growing and good at dispersing to new sites. Like weeds, they reproduce prolifically, releasing large numbers of eggs or larvae that are carried far and wide by ocean currents. Being weedy helps them colonize habitats that might last only a few years to a few decades.</p>
<div id="attachment_180" style="width: 4193px" class="wp-caption aligncenter"><a href="wp-content/uploads/2016/01/vent-map-2015.jpg"><img aria-describedby="caption-attachment-180" class="wp-image-180 size-full" src="wp-content/uploads/2016/01/vent-map-2015.jpg" alt="Map of vent communities around the globe." width="4183" height="2928" srcset="https://www.futureoceans.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/vent-map-2015.jpg 4183w, https://www.futureoceans.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/vent-map-2015-300x210.jpg 300w, https://www.futureoceans.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/vent-map-2015-1024x717.jpg 1024w, https://www.futureoceans.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/vent-map-2015-1020x714.jpg 1020w" sizes="(max-width: 4183px) 100vw, 4183px" /></a><p id="caption-attachment-180" class="wp-caption-text">Global distribution of known hydrothermal vent communities. Colors represent biogeographic provinces: dark blue–East Pacific Rise; green–northeast Pacific; pink–western Pacific; red–Mid-Atlantic Ridge; yellow–Azores Plateau; orange–Central Indian Ridge. Spreading centers are shown with double lines, and areas of subduction are marked with arrowheads that point in the direction of subduction.</p></div>
<p>The animal species found at a particular vent depend on a wide variety of factors, including water depth, temperature, chemical conditions, and access to currents that transport larvae from one vent field to another. One of the biggest challenges for vent biologists is figuring out how local physical, chemical, or evolutionary conditions affect which animals are able to colonize a particular vent field.</p>
<p>From a biogeographic standpoint, deep-sea hydrothermal vents occur as small island-like habitats scattered widely across the deep seafloor. Individual vents often have low diversity, supporting a limited number of species. But they can also have high abundance, hosting large, dense populations of animals within these key species.</p>
<p>Most of the animals that thrive at vents are uniquely adapted to this type of environment, and cannot survive in other habitats. Nonetheless many vent species are widely distributed, occurring at vent fields that are hundreds or thousands of kilometers apart. The species ranges of vent animals are often bounded by geologic features or divergent ocean currents that prevent larvae from drifting from one vent field to another.</p>
<div id="attachment_179" style="width: 1566px" class="wp-caption aligncenter"><a href="wp-content/uploads/2016/01/snails-jasonII-2005-crop.jpg"><img aria-describedby="caption-attachment-179" class="size-full wp-image-179" src="wp-content/uploads/2016/01/snails-jasonII-2005-crop.jpg" alt="This photograph, taken by the remotely operated vehicle Jason II, shows several different species of deep-sea snails at a hydrothermal vent in the Fiji Basin. Alviniconcha boucheti and Alviniconcha kojimai snails live closest to the hot, acidic vent effluent. Ifremeria nautilei snails and Bathymodiolus septemdierum mussels cluster slightly farther away from the vent. The two species of Alviniconcha snails are morphologically indistinguishable, yet genetically distinct. They are only found in the Manus, Lau, and North Fiji basins. Image: Courtesy of Robert Vrijenhoek and Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute." width="1556" height="1188" srcset="https://www.futureoceans.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/snails-jasonII-2005-crop.jpg 1556w, https://www.futureoceans.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/snails-jasonII-2005-crop-300x229.jpg 300w, https://www.futureoceans.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/snails-jasonII-2005-crop-1024x782.jpg 1024w, https://www.futureoceans.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/snails-jasonII-2005-crop-1020x779.jpg 1020w" sizes="(max-width: 1556px) 100vw, 1556px" /></a><p id="caption-attachment-179" class="wp-caption-text">This photograph, taken by the remotely operated vehicle Jason II, shows several different species of deep-sea snails at a hydrothermal vent in the Fiji Basin. Alviniconcha boucheti and Alviniconcha kojimai snails live closest to the hot, acidic vent effluent. Ifremeria nautilei snails and Bathymodiolus septemdierum mussels cluster slightly farther away from the vent. Image: Courtesy of Robert Vrijenhoek and Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute.</p></div>
<p>Because vent communities occur in active volcanic areas, they are often affected (both positively and negatively) by seafloor volcanic activity. A seafloor lava flow can “pave over” an entire vent community, wiping out all animal life. But the same eruption may also disperse larvae far and wide, and can create new underwater hot springs that may eventually be colonized by vent animals.</p>
<p>Even if they are not “paved over,” many vents remain active for only 10 or 20 years before their plumbing becomes clogged with mineral deposits. When the flow of heated fluids decreases or the chemistry changes, the vent animals can no longer obtain nutrition, and they gradually die off.</p>
<p>Human activities such as seafloor mining may have effects similar to a major lava flow, wiping out animal life at a vent. Seafloor mining can also create plumes of toxic sulfides that scavenge oxygen and affect animals some distance from the mining area.</p>
<p>When a vent community is destroyed, whether by geological or human activities, its ability to recover depends on whether there is a continuing flow of hydrothermal fluids and whether larvae of vent animals can drift from other hydrothermal vents and recolonize the site.</p>
<div id="attachment_176" style="width: 1587px" class="wp-caption aligncenter"><a href="wp-content/uploads/2016/01/axial-d270-snowblower-6-crop.jpg"><img aria-describedby="caption-attachment-176" class="size-full wp-image-176" src="wp-content/uploads/2016/01/axial-d270-snowblower-6-crop.jpg" alt=" Not all hydrothermal vents emit scalding fluids. These “snow-blower vents” off the coast of Oregon emit water that is about only about 18 degrees Celsius (but that’s still a lot warmer than the surrounding seawater). The white particles are colonies of bacteria that use the vent fluids as a source of nutrition. Image: © 2011 MBARI" width="1577" height="971" srcset="https://www.futureoceans.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/axial-d270-snowblower-6-crop.jpg 1577w, https://www.futureoceans.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/axial-d270-snowblower-6-crop-300x185.jpg 300w, https://www.futureoceans.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/axial-d270-snowblower-6-crop-1024x631.jpg 1024w, https://www.futureoceans.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/axial-d270-snowblower-6-crop-1020x628.jpg 1020w" sizes="(max-width: 1577px) 100vw, 1577px" /></a><p id="caption-attachment-176" class="wp-caption-text">Not all hydrothermal vents emit scalding fluids. These “snow-blower vents” off the coast of Oregon emit water that is about only about 18 degrees Celsius (but that’s still a lot warmer than the surrounding seawater). The white particles are colonies of bacteria that use the vent fluids as a source of nutrition. Image: © 2011 MBARI</p></div>
<p>If a vent is isolated by undersea ridges or divergent currents, recolonization may be quite slow. On the other hand, if there are other active vents nearby and mineral-rich fluids continue to flow out of the seafloor, a site might be recolonized by highly mobile larvae within a few years. Vent species with less mobile larvae might take longer—up to a decade or more—to recolonize a vent.</p>
<p>Deep-sea hydrothermal vents may seem remote and disconnected from human activities, but we are almost certainly having effects on them. As evolutionary biologist Robert Vrijenhoek pointed out in a 2009 essay, “The same anthropogenic factors that affect surface islands worldwide (exploitation, habitat disruption, invasive species, and diseases) will also affect deep-sea hydrothermal vents.”</p>
<div id="attachment_181" style="width: 1546px" class="wp-caption aligncenter"><a href="wp-content/uploads/2016/01/jdf-smoker-t877-crop.jpg"><img aria-describedby="caption-attachment-181" class="size-full wp-image-181" src="wp-content/uploads/2016/01/jdf-smoker-t877-crop.jpg" alt="This black smoker on the Juan de Fuca Ridge has been colonized by just a few small tubeworms (the feathery objects on the orange chimney at right). Colonies of vent microbes and vent animals are sustained by a delicate, ever-changing balance between the chemistry and pH of the vent fluids and that of the surrounding seawater. Human impacts on the ocean, such as ocean acidification, can affect this balance, potentially disrupting ocean life even at these remote, deep-sea environments. © 2005 MBARI" width="1536" height="1536" srcset="https://www.futureoceans.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/jdf-smoker-t877-crop.jpg 1536w, https://www.futureoceans.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/jdf-smoker-t877-crop-150x150.jpg 150w, https://www.futureoceans.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/jdf-smoker-t877-crop-300x300.jpg 300w, https://www.futureoceans.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/jdf-smoker-t877-crop-1024x1024.jpg 1024w, https://www.futureoceans.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/jdf-smoker-t877-crop-800x800.jpg 800w, https://www.futureoceans.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/jdf-smoker-t877-crop-87x87.jpg 87w" sizes="(max-width: 1536px) 100vw, 1536px" /></a><p id="caption-attachment-181" class="wp-caption-text">This black smoker on the Juan de Fuca Ridge has been colonized by just a few small tubeworms (the feathery objects on the orange chimney at right). Colonies of vent microbes and vent animals are sustained by a delicate, ever-changing balance between the chemistry and pH of the vent fluids and that of the surrounding seawater. Human impacts on the ocean, such as ocean acidification, can affect this balance. © 2005 MBARI</p></div>
<p>Vent communities will likely be affected by large-scale human-induced changes in the ocean. Increasing concentrations of carbon dioxide and global warming could lead to changes in ocean currents and seawater chemistry that can affect the delicate balance between oxygenated and anoxic water that hydrothermal vent animals require to survive.</p>
<p>Even research or “ecotourism” at vent sites can have detrimental effects—most human-occupied vehicles drop dive weights on the seafloor when they begin their ascent back to the surface. Vrijenhoek said, “There are heavily visited places on the Mid Atlantic Ridge and in the Guaymas Basin… where I saw more dive weights than animals.” Submersibles can also carry hitchhiking animals, microbes, and possibly diseases from one vent to another. At least one research paper described a species of limpet that was apparently carried from one vent field to another by a research vehicle.</p>
<div id="attachment_175" style="width: 1505px" class="wp-caption aligncenter"><a href="wp-content/uploads/2016/01/alarcon-chimneys-D752-crop.jpg"><img aria-describedby="caption-attachment-175" class="size-full wp-image-175" src="wp-content/uploads/2016/01/alarcon-chimneys-D752-crop.jpg" alt="Black smokers such as these form when magma beneath the seafloor heats subsurface fluids to several hundred degrees Celsius. When these superheated fluids come in contact with near-freezing seawater, particles of heavy-metal sulfide compounds crystalize, forming tiny particles that look like “smoke” as well as rocky spires that can grow more than 20 meters above the surrounding seafloor. Image: © 2015 MBARI" width="1495" height="1068" srcset="https://www.futureoceans.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/alarcon-chimneys-D752-crop.jpg 1495w, https://www.futureoceans.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/alarcon-chimneys-D752-crop-300x214.jpg 300w, https://www.futureoceans.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/alarcon-chimneys-D752-crop-1024x732.jpg 1024w, https://www.futureoceans.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/alarcon-chimneys-D752-crop-1020x729.jpg 1020w" sizes="(max-width: 1495px) 100vw, 1495px" /></a><p id="caption-attachment-175" class="wp-caption-text">Black smokers such as these form when magma beneath the seafloor heats subsurface fluids to several hundred degrees Celsius. When these superheated fluids come in contact with near-freezing seawater, particles of heavy-metal sulfide compounds crystalize, forming tiny particles that look like “smoke” as well as rocky spires that can grow more than 20 meters above the surrounding seafloor. Image: © 2015 MBARI</p></div>
<p>In addition to expanding our knowledge about evolution, the limits and resilience of life on Earth, deep-sea vent communities may also provide tangible benefits for humankind. In the mid 1990s, one of the first commercial enzymes used to amplify DNA was derived from microbes living at hydrothermal vents in the Guaymas Basin of the Gulf of California.</p>
<p>Over the last two decades, marine biologists have worked with medical researchers to find out how vent animals can thrive in environments that are, as Vrijenhoek put it, “ripping with polymetallic sulfides that are known to be toxic, and polyaromatic hydrocarbons that are known to be carcinogenic.” Despite years of research into the abilities of vent animals to detoxify these materials, the mysteries persist. Researchers are still actively searching for natural products in vent animals that might be useful in killing cancer cells.</p>
<div id="attachment_321" style="width: 1930px" class="wp-caption aligncenter"><a href="wp-content/uploads/2016/01/pescadero-flange2-d748.jpg"><img aria-describedby="caption-attachment-321" class="size-full wp-image-321" src="wp-content/uploads/2016/01/pescadero-flange2-d748.jpg" alt="These beautiful hydrothermal spires are part of a hydrothermal vent field in the Pescadero Basin of the Gulf of California that MBARI researchers discovered in spring 2015. Image: © 2015 MBARI" width="1920" height="1080" srcset="https://www.futureoceans.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/pescadero-flange2-d748.jpg 1920w, https://www.futureoceans.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/pescadero-flange2-d748-300x169.jpg 300w, https://www.futureoceans.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/pescadero-flange2-d748-1024x576.jpg 1024w, https://www.futureoceans.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/pescadero-flange2-d748-1020x574.jpg 1020w" sizes="(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px" /></a><p id="caption-attachment-321" class="wp-caption-text">These beautiful hydrothermal spires are part of a hydrothermal vent field in the Pescadero Basin of the Gulf of California that MBARI researchers discovered in spring 2015. Image: © 2015 MBARI</p></div>
<p>In 2009, the Guaymas Basin became one of a growing number of hydrothermal vent fields to be declared “marine protected areas.” Other protected vent fields are located on the Endeavor Ridge, off Canada, and the Azores. These fields all lie within the territorial waters of individual countries. Protecting vents in international waters has proven to be much more challenging.</p>
<p>At this stage, the biodiversity of deep-sea hydrothermal vents is relatively well understood. We know much less about the ability of vent communities to withstand human impacts… not to mention our ability to prevent or mitigate these impacts. Over the next few decades, we may find answers to these questions, for better or worse.</p>
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