diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes
index 074fc2cccc8a..4b9a73d9d0e7 100644
--- a/.gitattributes
+++ b/.gitattributes
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@
 admin/ export-ignore
 contributing/ export-ignore
 .editorconfig export-ignore
-.nojekyll export-ignore export-ignore
+.nojekyll export-ignore
 CODE_OF_CONDUCT.md export-ignore
 CONTRIBUTING.md export-ignore
 
diff --git a/.github/workflows/label-add-conflict-all-pr.yml b/.github/workflows/label-add-conflict-all-pr.yml
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..5147d678f86c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.github/workflows/label-add-conflict-all-pr.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
+name: Auto Label "stale" for All PRs
+
+on:
+  push:
+    branches:
+      - develop
+      - '4.*'
+
+jobs:
+  build:
+    name: Check Conflicts
+
+    permissions:
+      contents: read
+      pull-requests: write
+
+    runs-on: ubuntu-22.04
+    steps:
+      - name: Checkout
+        uses: actions/checkout@v4
+
+      - name: Get PR List
+        id: PR-list
+        run: echo "pr_list=$(gh pr list -L 100 --json mergeable,url,labels,author)" >> $GITHUB_OUTPUT
+        env:
+          GITHUB_TOKEN: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}
+
+      - name: 'Add label "stale" and comment'
+        env:
+          PR_LIST: ${{ steps.PR-list.outputs.pr_list }}
+          GITHUB_TOKEN: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}
+        run: |
+
+          IFS=$'\n' # Set Internal Field Separator to newline to handle array elements
+
+          # Iterate through the PRs in PR_LIST
+          for pr in $(echo "$PR_LIST" | jq -c '.[]'); do
+            mergeable=$(echo "$pr" | jq -r '.mergeable')
+            author=$(echo "$pr" | jq -r '.author.login')
+            labels=$(echo "$pr" | jq -c '.labels[].name' | tr -d '[]"')
+            url=$(echo "$pr" | jq -r '.url')
+
+            # CONFLICTING and no 'stale' label
+            if [ "$mergeable" == "CONFLICTING" ] && [[ ! "$labels" == *"stale"* ]]; then
+              # Add "stale" label
+              gh pr edit $url --add-label "stale"
+
+              # Add a comment
+              gh pr comment $url --body ":wave: Hi, @$author!<br><br>We detected conflicts in your PR against the base branch :speak_no_evil:<br>You may want to sync :arrows_counterclockwise: your branch with upstream!<br><br>Ref: [Syncing Your Branch](https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/blob/develop/contributing/workflow.md#pushing-your-branch)"
+            fi
+          done
diff --git a/.github/workflows/label-signing.yml b/.github/workflows/label-signing.yml
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..389ad8844411
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.github/workflows/label-signing.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+name: Check Signed PR
+on:
+  pull_request:
+    branches:
+      - 'develop'
+      - '4.*'
+
+concurrency:
+  group: ${{ github.workflow }}-${{ github.head_ref || github.run_id }}
+  cancel-in-progress: true
+
+permissions:
+  contents: read
+  pull-requests: write
+
+jobs:
+  build:
+    name: Check Signed Commit
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    steps:
+      - name: Checkout
+        uses: actions/checkout@v4
+
+      - name: Check signed commits in PR
+        uses: 1Password/check-signed-commits-action@v1
+        with:
+          comment: |
+            You must GPG-sign your work, certifying that you either wrote the work or otherwise have the right to pass it on to an open-source project. See Developer's Certificate of Origin. See [signing][1].
+
+            **Note that all your commits must be signed.** If you have an unsigned commit, you can sign the previous commits by referring to [gpg-signing-old-commits][2].
+            [1]: https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/blob/develop/contributing/pull_request.md#signing
+            [2]: https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/blob/develop/contributing/workflow.md#gpg-signing-old-commits
diff --git a/.github/workflows/reusable-coveralls.yml b/.github/workflows/reusable-coveralls.yml
index f545d79bb5ec..a5dfc83996cb 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/reusable-coveralls.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/reusable-coveralls.yml
@@ -57,7 +57,10 @@ jobs:
         run: composer update --ansi
 
       - name: Merge coverage files
-        run: vendor/bin/phpcov merge --clover build/logs/clover.xml build/cov
+        run: |
+          jq '.autoload."psr-4" += {"Config\\": "app/Config/"}' composer.json > temp.json && mv temp.json composer.json
+          composer dump-autoload
+          vendor/bin/phpcov merge --clover build/logs/clover.xml build/cov
 
       - name: Upload coverage to Coveralls
         run: vendor/bin/php-coveralls --verbose --exclude-no-stmt --ansi
diff --git a/.github/workflows/test-phpunit.yml b/.github/workflows/test-phpunit.yml
index 7a728a965108..9ca4ed8e15e4 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/test-phpunit.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/test-phpunit.yml
@@ -59,6 +59,10 @@ jobs:
           - '8.0'
           - '8.1'
           - '8.2'
+          - '8.3'
+        include:
+          - php-version: '8.3'
+            composer-option: '--ignore-platform-req=php'
 
     uses: ./.github/workflows/reusable-phpunit-test.yml # @TODO Extract to codeigniter4/.github repo
     with:
@@ -70,6 +74,7 @@ jobs:
       enable-coverage: ${{ matrix.php-version == needs.coverage-php-version.outputs.version }}
       enable-profiling: ${{ matrix.php-version == needs.coverage-php-version.outputs.version }}
       extra-extensions: imagick, redis, memcached
+      extra-composer-options: ${{ matrix.composer-option }}
 
   database-live-tests:
     needs:
@@ -84,6 +89,7 @@ jobs:
           - '8.0'
           - '8.1'
           - '8.2'
+          - '8.3'
         db-platform:
           - MySQLi
           - OCI8
@@ -96,6 +102,8 @@ jobs:
           - php-version: '7.4'
             db-platform: MySQLi
             mysql-version: '8.0'
+          - php-version: '8.3'
+            composer-option: '--ignore-platform-req=php'
 
     uses: ./.github/workflows/reusable-phpunit-test.yml # @TODO Extract to codeigniter4/.github repo
     with:
@@ -109,6 +117,7 @@ jobs:
       enable-coverage: ${{ matrix.php-version == needs.coverage-php-version.outputs.version }}
       enable-profiling: ${{ matrix.php-version == needs.coverage-php-version.outputs.version }}
       extra-extensions: mysqli, oci8, pgsql, sqlsrv-5.10.1, sqlite3
+      extra-composer-options: ${{ matrix.composer-option }}
 
   separate-process-tests:
     needs:
@@ -122,6 +131,10 @@ jobs:
           - '8.0'
           - '8.1'
           - '8.2'
+          - '8.3'
+        include:
+          - php-version: '8.3'
+            composer-option: '--ignore-platform-req=php'
 
     uses: ./.github/workflows/reusable-phpunit-test.yml # @TODO Extract to codeigniter4/.github repo
     with:
@@ -133,6 +146,7 @@ jobs:
       enable-coverage: true # needs xdebug for assertHeaderEmitted() tests
       enable-profiling: ${{ matrix.php-version == needs.coverage-php-version.outputs.version }}
       extra-extensions: mysqli, oci8, pgsql, sqlsrv-5.10.1, sqlite3
+      extra-composer-options: ${{ matrix.composer-option }}
 
   cache-live-tests:
     needs:
@@ -146,6 +160,10 @@ jobs:
           - '8.0'
           - '8.1'
           - '8.2'
+          - '8.3'
+        include:
+          - php-version: '8.3'
+            composer-option: '--ignore-platform-req=php'
 
     uses: ./.github/workflows/reusable-phpunit-test.yml # @TODO Extract to codeigniter4/.github repo
     with:
@@ -157,6 +175,7 @@ jobs:
       enable-coverage: ${{ matrix.php-version == needs.coverage-php-version.outputs.version }}
       enable-profiling: ${{ matrix.php-version == needs.coverage-php-version.outputs.version }}
       extra-extensions: redis, memcached
+      extra-composer-options: ${{ matrix.composer-option }}
 
   coveralls:
     name: Upload coverage results to Coveralls
diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index dc2b5bc5640c..0c9eaea56c91 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -1,5 +1,49 @@
 # Changelog
 
+## [v4.4.2](https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/tree/v4.4.1) (2023-10-19)
+[Full Changelog](https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/compare/v4.4.1...v4.4.2)
+
+### Fixed Bugs
+
+* Fix: [Session] the problem of secondary retrieving values ​​in RedisHandler by @ping-yee in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/7887
+* fix: `spark migrate` `-g` option by @kenjis in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/7894
+* fix: [DebugBar] dark mode `timeline-color-open` color text on `Debug` by @ddevsr in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/7907
+* fix: base_url()/site_url() does not work on CLI by @kenjis in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/7901
+* Fix: Routing::loadRoutes() in windows do not validate correctly $routesFiles by @pjsde in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/7930
+* fix: Services::request() should call AppServices instead static by @pjsde in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/7985
+* fix: lang() may return false by @kenjis in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/7966
+* fix: CI returns "200 OK" when PageNotFound by @kenjis in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/8011
+* fix: spark may not show exceptions or show backtrace as json by @kenjis in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/7962
+* fix: CLI prompt validation message by @kenjis in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/7977
+* fix: CSP style nonce is added even if honeypot is not attached by @kenjis in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/8025
+* fix: named routes don't work with spark by @kenjis in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/8028
+* fix: add a primary key to an existing table by @michalsn in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/8031
+* fix: reverse route for `''` is not `false` by @kenjis in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/8024
+* fix: `spark routes` may show incorrect route names by @kenjis in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/8040
+* fix: Factories caching bug by @kenjis in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/8037
+* fix: file sort order in Files DebugBar by @kenjis in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/8048
+
+### Enhancements
+
+* fix: check for CSRF token in the raw body by @michalsn in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/7915
+
+### Refactoring
+
+* fix: add types to View $filters and $plugins by @paulbalandan in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/7885
+* test: use PHP_VERSION_ID instead of PHP_VERSION by @kenjis in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/7913
+* [PHP 8.3] refactor: ReflectionProperty::setValue() signature deprecation by @kenjis in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/7911
+* refactor: remove unneeded arguments to session by @paulbalandan in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/7919
+* fix: types for common functions by @paulbalandan in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/7917
+* Refactor: Apply PHPStan rule "Short ternary operator is not allowed" to RouteCollection by @pjsde in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/7947
+* refactor: remove $_SESSION from methods and functions by @pjsde in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/7982
+* refactor: if condition in OCI8/Connection.php by @kenjis in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/7994
+* style: remove unnecessary () in Toolbar by @kenjis in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/8013
+* refactor: replace deprecated `Services::request(config, false)` by @kenjis in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/7998
+* refactor: delete duplicate code for Composer loading by @kenjis in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/8004
+* [Rector] Apply BooleanInIfConditionRuleFixerRector by @samsonasik in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/7951
+
+**Full Changelog**: https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/compare/v4.4.1...v4.4.2
+
 ## [v4.4.1](https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/tree/v4.4.1) (2023-09-05)
 [Full Changelog](https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/compare/v4.4.0...v4.4.1)
 
@@ -90,327 +134,4 @@
 * refactor: [4.4] add types for phpstan by @kenjis in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/7723
 * Remove trimming logic of `Autoloader::loadClass()` by @paulbalandan in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/7763
 
-## [v4.3.8](https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/tree/v4.3.8) (2023-08-25)
-[Full Changelog](https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/compare/v4.3.7...v4.3.8)
-
-### Fixed Bugs
-
-* fix: [Pager] knocks down variables for View by @kenjis in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/7758
-* fix: Model::insertBatch() causes error to non auto increment table by @kenjis in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/7759
-* fix: [Model] updateBatch() may generate invalid SQL statement by @kenjis in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/7787
-* fix: Model inserts cast $primaryKey value when using Entity by @kenjis in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/7806
-* fix: instances of Validation rules are incremented each time `run()` is executed by @kenjis in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/7815
-* fix: filter except empty by @kenjis in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/7823
-* fix: `set_checkbox()` checks unchecked checkbox by @kenjis in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/7818
-
-### Refactoring
-
-* Normalize data provider names by @paulbalandan in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/7656
-* refactor: remove Model::$tempPrimaryKeyValue by @kenjis in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/7760
-* Remove unused cast on RedisHandler by @samsonasik in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/7786
-
-## [v4.3.7](https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/tree/v4.3.7) (2023-07-30)
-[Full Changelog](https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/compare/v4.3.6...v4.3.7)
-
-### Breaking Changes
-
-* fix: FeatureTestTrait may change $params values passed to call(), and a few bug fixes by @kenjis in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/7602
-* fix: auto routing legacy and $route->add() by @kenjis in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/7690
-* fix: [Model] setValidationRule() cannot use with ruleGroup by @kenjis in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/7691
-
-### Fixed Bugs
-
-* docs: fix incorrect description on RedirectException (1) by @kenjis in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/7629
-* docs: fix incorrect description on RedirectException (2) by @kenjis in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/7633
-* fix: skip http proxy added header by @jozefrebjak in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/7622
-* fix: number_to_roman() param type by @kenjis in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/7640
-* fix: [Auto Routing Improved] feature testing may use incorrect param count by @kenjis in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/7597
-* fix: `url_to()` error message by @kenjis in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/7652
-* fix: [ViewCells] caching by @kenjis in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/7663
-* fix: [ViewCells] when there are cells with the same short name, only the first cell is loaded by @kenjis in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/7686
-* Fix number comparison in number_to_amount() in number_helper.php by @sba in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/7701
-* fix: wrong Config classname to config() in Toolbar by @kenjis in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/7735
-* fix: $sensitiveDataInTrace does not work by @kenjis in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/7725
-
-### Enhancements
-
-* Remove PHPStan from pre-commit hook by @lonnieezell in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/7618
-
-### Refactoring
-
-* refactor: remove unused property in Encryption\Handlers\BaseHandler by @kenjis in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/7579
-* refactor: use ::class to config() param by @kenjis in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/7611
-* refactor: remove unused non-empty array in RequestTrait by @kenjis in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/7620
-* refactor: [Cache] simplify code of `FileHandler::getItem()` by @paulbalandan in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/7667
-* refactor:  replace `config(Paths::class)` by @kenjis in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/7702
-
-## [v4.3.6](https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/tree/v4.3.6) (2023-06-18)
-[Full Changelog](https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/compare/v4.3.5...v4.3.6)
-
-### Breaking Changes
-
-* fix: [Validation] DBGroup is ignored when checking the value of a placeholder by @kenjis in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/7549
-* fix: [Auto Routing Improved] feature testing may not find controller/method by @kenjis in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/7543
-
-### Fixed Bugs
-
-* fix: feature test with validation by @kenjis in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/7548
-* fix: [Postgre] Semicolon in the connection parameters break the DSN string by @michalsn in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/7552
-* fix: [QueryBuilder] incorrect SQL without space before "ON DUPLICATE KEY UPDATE" by @kenjis in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/7564
-* fix: wrong classname in exception message in Cell by @kenjis in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/7569
-* fix: `imagecreatefrompng()` gd-png: libpng warning by @ping-yee in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/7570
-
-### Refactoring
-
-* refactor: remove unneeded code in IncomingRequest by @kenjis in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/7525
-* refactor: View by @kenjis in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/7534
-* refactor: [Entity] fix incorrect return value by @kenjis in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/7542
-* refactor: Database::initDriver() by @kenjis in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/7553
-* refactor: remove Factories::models() by @paulbalandan in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/7566
-* refactor: Validation::processRules() by @kenjis in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/7565
-* refactor: [Auto Routing Improved] ensure $httpVerb is lower case by @kenjis in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/7575
-
-## [v4.3.5](https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/tree/v4.3.5) (2023-05-21)
-[Full Changelog](https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/compare/v4.3.4...v4.3.5)
-
-### SECURITY
-
-* *Remote Code Execution Vulnerability in Validation Placeholders* was fixed. See the [Security advisory](https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/security/advisories/GHSA-m6m8-6gq8-c9fj) for more information.
-* fix: Session::stop() does not destroy session by @kenjis in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/7503
-
-### Fixed Bugs
-
-* docs: remove incorrect @property in ResponseTrait by @kenjis in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/7495
-* fix: validation error when a closure is used in combination with permit_empty or if_exist rules by @michalsn in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/7492
-* fix: standardize behavior of `make:cell` and `Cells` by @paulbalandan in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/7481
-* fix: PostgreSQL getVersion() logic by @marekmosna in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/7488
-* fix: PostgreSQL getVersion() output by @kenjis in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/7509
-
-### Enhancements
-
-* feat: user guide dark mode by @michalsn in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/7463
-
-### Refactoring
-
-* refactor: Entity variable by @kenjis in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/7499
-
-## [v4.3.4](https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/tree/v4.3.4) (2023-04-27)
-[Full Changelog](https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/compare/v4.3.3...v4.3.4)
-
-### Breaking Changes
-
-* fix: redirect status code by @kenjis in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/7445
-* fix: [SQLite3][Postgres][SQLSRV][OCI8] Forge::modifyColumn() changes NULL constraint incorrectly by @kenjis in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/7371
-
-### Fixed Bugs
-
-* fix: view cell cannot locate the auto-generated view file by @sammyskills in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/7392
-* fix: CURLRequest - clear response headers between requests by @michalsn in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/7398
-* fix: [Auto Routing Improved] spark routes shows invalid routes by @kenjis in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/7419
-* fix: remove $insertID in make:model template by @kenjis in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/7443
-* fix: add missing 'make:cell' in app/Config/Generators.php by @kenjis in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/7458
-
-### Refactoring
-
-* refactor: Security::getPostedToken() by @kenjis in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/7377
-
-## [v4.3.3](https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/tree/v4.3.3) (2023-03-26)
-[Full Changelog](https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/compare/v4.3.2...v4.3.3)
-
-### Fixed Bugs
-
-* docs: fix $systemDirectory path in existing project. by @jozefrebjak in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/7289
-* docs: fix message.rst and improve content_negotiation.rst by @kenjis in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/7280
-* fix: Encryption CI3 compatibility by @kenjis in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/7273
-* fix: [QueryBuilder] RawSql causes error when using like() and countAllResults() by @kenjis in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/7277
-* fix: handling of null bytes in `Exceptions::renderBacktrace()` by @paulbalandan in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/7306
-* fix: incorrect metadata querying of Redis cache by @paulbalandan in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/7307
-* fix: [Email] add missing TLS 1.3 support by @kenjis in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/7317
-* docs: add warning to random_string() by @kenjis in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/7333
-* fix: random_string() numeric by @kenjis in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/7336
-* docs: add note for addColumn() and NULL by @kenjis in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/7342
-* fix: respondNoContent() returns Kint script in development mode by @anggadarkprince in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/7347
-* fix: use first exception in exceptionHandler() by @kenjis in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/7341
-* fix: random_string() alpha alnum nozero by @kenjis in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/7344
-* fix: migrate:rollback -b negative number by @kenjis in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/7350
-* fix: site_url() does not support protocol-relative links by @kenjis in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/7353
-* docs: add uri_string() BC in v4.3.2 by @kenjis in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/7356
-* fix: Cache FileHandler error when there is a folder in cache dir by @kenjis in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/7361
-
-### Refactoring
-
-* refactor: consistent header name case by @kenjis in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/7299
-
-## [v4.3.2](https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/tree/v4.3.2) (2023-02-18)
-[Full Changelog](https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/compare/v4.3.1...v4.3.2)
-
-### Breaking Changes
-
-* fix: base_url() removes trailing slash in baseURL by @kenjis in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/7200
-* fix: remove parameter $relative in `uri_string()` by @kenjis in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/7135
-
-### Fixed Bugs
-
-* docs: fix incorrect sample code in view_parser by @kenjis in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/7103
-* docs: add missing items in upgrade_430.rst/v4.3.0.rst by @kenjis in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/7119
-* fix: remove `All` from `Options All -Indexes` in .htaccess by @sba in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/7093
-* fix: bug on stuck content-type header in Feature Testing by @baycik in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/7112
-* fix: ordering `Validation` show error by call `setRule()` by @ddevsr in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/7149
-* fix: [QueryBuilder] where() generates incorrect SQL when using RawSql by @sclubricants in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/7147
-* fix: [QueryBuilder] RawSql passed to set() disappears without error by @kenjis in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/7148
-* fix: [Parser] local_currency causes "Passing null to parameter" by @kenjis in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/7157
-* fix: [Parser] `!` does not work if delimiters are changed by @kenjis in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/7142
-* fix: Throttler token time calculation by @rumpfc in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/7160
-* fix: [QueryBuilder] getOperatorFromWhereKey() misses EXISTS, BETWEEN by @kenjis in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/7155
-* docs: Correcting documentation mistakes in upgrading from one version to another by @objecttothis in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/7191
-* fix: [Session] `Redis` connect to protocol `TLS` by @ddevsr in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/7187
-* fix: Autoloader may not add Composer package's namespaces by @kenjis in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/7193
-* fix: add try/catch to real_path() in clean_path() by @kenjis in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/7195
-* fix: cannot create shared View instance when using debugbar by @kenjis in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/7172
-* fix: RouteCollection::getRegisteredControllers() may not return all controllers by @kenjis in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/7174
-* fix: `spark routes` shows incorrect hostname routes by @kenjis in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/7176
-* docs: add missing composer.json in Mandatory File Changes by @kenjis in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/7170
-* fix: stack trace displayed when Exception handler runs out of memory is useless by @kenjis in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/7212
-* fix: support for display of error message using wildcard (*) by @sammyskills in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/7226
-* fix: routing behavior when $uriProtocol is QUERY_STRING by @kenjis in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/7199
-* fix: site_url() does not use alt Config by @kenjis in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/7215
-* docs: add missing @method having() in Model by @paul45 in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/7258
-
-### Enhancements
-
-* add `application/vnd.microsoft.portable-executable` and `application/x-dosexec` by @totoprayogo1916 in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/7144
-
-### Refactoring
-
-* refactor: add PHPDoc types in RouteCollection by @kenjis in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/7129
-* refactor: URI::parseStr() by @kenjis in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/7154
-* refactor: error_exception.php by @kenjis in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/7171
-* [Rector] Apply Rector to app/Views by @samsonasik in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/7169
-* refactor: Update PHPDoc Common::config by @maniaba in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/7224
-
-## [v4.3.1](https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/tree/v4.3.1) (2023-01-14)
-[Full Changelog](https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/compare/v4.3.0...v4.3.1)
-
-### Fixed Bugs
-
-* fix: Email config in the .env doesn't appear as expected by @kenjis in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/7078
-* fix: TypeError in Validation is_unique/is_not_unique by @kenjis in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/7085
-* fix: revert method name resetQuery() changed accidentally by @kenjis in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/7083
-* fix: handling float in Validation Strcit Rules (greater_than, greater_than_equal_to, less_than, less_than_equal_to) by @kenjis in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/7098
-* docs: add missing instruction for Config/Exceptions in PHP 8.2 by @kenjis in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/7100
-* fix: Call to undefined method Composer\InstalledVersions::getAllRawData() error by @kenjis in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/7107
-
-### Refactoring
-
-* [Rector] Enable AddDefaultValueForUndefinedVariableRector by @samsonasik in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/7088
-
-## [v4.3.0](https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/tree/v4.3.0) (2023-01-10)
-[Full Changelog](https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/compare/v4.2.12...v4.3.0)
-
-### Breaking Changes
-
-* fix: throws DatabaseException in DB connections by @kenjis in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/6163
-* config: DB Error always throws Exception CI_DBUG by @kenjis in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/6183
-* Config Property Types by @kenjis in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/6214
-* refactor: loading app/Config/routes.php by @kenjis in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/6293
-* fix: exceptionHandler may return invalid HTTP status code by @kenjis in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/6228
-* feat: add Form helpers for Validation Errors by @kenjis in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/6384
-* fix: ValidationInterface by @kenjis in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/6253
-* fix: types in database classes by @kenjis in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/6527
-* fix: ResponseInterface (1) by @kenjis in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/6556
-* Improve BaseConnection::getForeignKeyData() and Forge::addForeignKey() by @sclubricants in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/6468
-* Refactor BaseBuilder *Batch() Methods by @sclubricants in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/6536
-* refactor: remove `type="text/javascript"` in <script> tag by @kenjis in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/6606
-* fix: ResponseInterface (2) by @kenjis in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/6569
-* Add ability to set index names by @sclubricants in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/6552
-* fix: MessageInterface inheritance by @MGatner in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/6695
-* fix: add missing getProtocolVersion() in MessageInterface by @kenjis in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/6702
-* Add Forge::processIndexes() to create indexes on existing table by @sclubricants in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/6676
-* fix: add missing ResultInterface::getNumRows() by @kenjis in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/6778
-* feat: add OutgoingRequestInterface by @kenjis in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/6698
-* fix: make Time immutable by @kenjis in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/6771
-* feat: disallow `Model::update()` without WHERE clause by @kenjis in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/6883
-* feat: do not throw exceptions during transactions by default by @kenjis in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/6917
-* fix: don't change the variable type and filter all values in JSON request by @michalsn in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/6954
-
-### Fixed Bugs
-
-* fix: SecurityException's HTTP status code by @kenjis in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/6408
-* Fix UpsertTest::testUpsertWithMultipleSet by @sclubricants in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/6692
-* fix: support for assigning extra data for the view() method in controlled cells by @michalsn in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/6681
-* Fix testMode() with upsert() and getCompiledUpsert() by @sclubricants in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/6697
-* Fix BaseBuilder setAlias() and RawSql use with key value pairs by @sclubricants in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/6741
-* fix: BasePreparedQuery class to return boolean values for write-type queries by @michalsn in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/6750
-* fix: Time::now() does not respect timezone when using setTestNow() by @kenjis in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/6752
-* fix: remove CI_DEBUG check in Model by @kenjis in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/6863
-* fix: BaseBuilder::getOperator() doesn't recognize LIKE operator in array expression by @kenjis in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/6986
-* fix: Honeypot field appears when CSP is enabled by @kenjis in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/7029
-
-### Enhancements
-
-* Feature: Adding StreamFilterTrait by @iRedds in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/6112
-* feat: add routes useSupportedLocalesOnly property by @pjsde in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/6073
-* Feat add events for insertBatch()/updateBatch() by @pjsde in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/6125
-* feat: improve namespaces command by @kenjis in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/6142
-* feat: add method to insert empty data in Model by @kenjis in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/6109
-* feat: Autoloader::sanitizeFilename() throws Exception by @kenjis in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/6193
-* Language: Make production error message translatable (replaces #6197) by @sba in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/6235
-* feat: add methods to modify files in Publisher by @kenjis in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/6133
-* SQLite3 Connection getIndexData() by @sclubricants in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/6221
-* feat: `spark filter:check` command by @kenjis in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/6283
-* feat: Encryption CI3 compatibility by @kenjis in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/6277
-* feat: `spark routes` shows route name by @kenjis in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/6271
-* error_404.php translation and design by @sba in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/6288
-* feat: make `CLI::input()` testable by @kenjis in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/6335
-* Feature for Timer to measure callable performance by @rumpfc in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/6321
-* feat: add IntBoolCast for Entity by @kenjis in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/6348
-* Add new method `promptByMultipleKeys()` in CLI class by @rivalarya in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/6302
-* Allow calling help info using `spark --help` by @paulbalandan in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/6383
-* feat: autoload helpers by @kenjis in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/6397
-* Add RawSql to BaseConnection->escape() by @sclubricants in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/6332
-* feat: add locale param to `route_to()` by @kenjis in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/6448
-* Postgre & SQLSRV - Should Never Have A Field Length For TEXT by @sclubricants in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/6405
-* [4.3] Fix tests. Changed StreamFilterTrait and CITestStreamFilter. by @iRedds in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/6450
-* Create Forge::dropPrimaryKey() by @sclubricants in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/6488
-* feat: add manual config for Composer package auto-discovery by @kenjis in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/6503
-* Added view() method to route collections by @kenjis in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/6568
-* When/WhenNot methods for db in a trait by @lonnieezell in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/6574
-* Allow Cells to be auto-located within */Cells directories by @lonnieezell in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/6601
-* Decamelize function by @lonnieezell in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/6615
-* feat: Controlled Cells by @lonnieezell in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/6620
-* Allow HTTP/3 to work and not be blocked. by @lonnieezell in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/6595
-* feat: add method to disable controller filters by @kenjis in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/6652
-* feat: implementation option http2 in `CURLRequest` by @ddevsr in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/6679
-* Add BaseBuilder::upsert() and BaseBuilder::upsertBatch() by @sclubricants in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/6600
-* Deallocate prepared statements by @fpoy in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/6665
-* feat: Check logs against parts of the message only by @paulbalandan in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/6704
-* feat: Opt-in logging of deprecations by @paulbalandan in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/6705
-* feat: void element tags in helpers are selectable between `>` and `/>` by @ddevsr in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/6789
-* feat: add $allowedHostnames for multiple domain support by @kenjis in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/6785
-* new make:cell command  by @lonnieezell in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/6864
-* Add BaseBuilder::deleteBatch() by @sclubricants in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/6734
-* Update Kint to 5.0.1 by @kenjis in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/6893
-* Add `is_windows()` global function by @paulbalandan in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/6884
-* fix: HTML output by @kenjis in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/6899
-* feat: add SQLite3 Config busyTimeout by @kenjis in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/6939
-* insertBatch updateBatch upsertBatch deleteBatch from query by @sclubricants in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/6689
-* feat: add IncomingRequest::getRawInputVar() method by @michalsn in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/6943
-* feat: add closure validation rule by @kenjis in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/6951
-* refactor: add Config\Session by @kenjis in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/6989
-* feat: add IncomingRequest::is() method by @kenjis in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/6995
-* feat: `spark routes` option to sort by handler by @kenjis in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/7015
-
-### Refactoring
-
-* Extracting the call handler for Spark commands from kernel. by @iRedds in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/6110
-* chore: move Kint to `require-dev` by @kenjis in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/6449
-* Improve `BaseBuilder::updateBatch()` SQL by @sclubricants in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/6373
-* refactor: to fix psalm errors by @kenjis in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/6535
-* Add template types to `Connection` by @paulbalandan in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/6709
-* refactor: around URI by @kenjis in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/6784
-* Add template types to Result by @paulbalandan in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/6749
-* refactor: make now() testable by @kenjis in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/6753
-* refactor: remove Workaround for Faker deprecation errors in PHP 8.2 by @kenjis in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/6987
-* refactor: to fix psalm error by @kenjis in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/6999
-
-See [CHANGELOG_4.2.md](./changelogs/CHANGELOG_4.2.md)
+See [CHANGELOG_4.3.md](./changelogs/CHANGELOG_4.3.md)
diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index 7d2940a21246..1a47301b82cc 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -91,6 +91,11 @@ PHP version 7.4 or higher is required, with the following extensions installed:
 - [intl](http://php.net/manual/en/intl.requirements.php)
 - [mbstring](http://php.net/manual/en/mbstring.installation.php)
 
+> **Warning**
+> The end of life date for PHP 7.4 was November 28, 2022. If you are
+> still using PHP 7.4, you should upgrade immediately. The end of life date
+> for PHP 8.0 will be November 26, 2023.
+
 Additionally, make sure that the following extensions are enabled in your PHP:
 
 - json (enabled by default - don't turn it off)
diff --git a/admin/RELEASE.md b/admin/RELEASE.md
index 226f0ad3397c..776c1f70a941 100644
--- a/admin/RELEASE.md
+++ b/admin/RELEASE.md
@@ -79,7 +79,7 @@ the existing content.
   * fill in the "All Changes" section, and add it to **upgrading.rst**
     * git diff --name-status origin/master -- . ':!system'
   * Remove the section titles that have no items
-  * Update the "from" version in the title. E.g., `from 4.3.x` → `from 4.3.8`
+  * [Minor version only] Update the "from" version in the title. E.g., `from 4.3.x` → `from 4.3.8`
 * Commit the changes with `Prep for 4.x.x release` and push to origin
 * Create a new PR from `release-4.x.x` to `develop`:
   * Title: `Prep for 4.x.x release`
diff --git a/admin/css/debug-toolbar/_theme-dark.scss b/admin/css/debug-toolbar/_theme-dark.scss
index ead7d02a58e3..5f68f8c20b5f 100644
--- a/admin/css/debug-toolbar/_theme-dark.scss
+++ b/admin/css/debug-toolbar/_theme-dark.scss
@@ -150,6 +150,10 @@
         .timer {
             background-color: $g-orange;
         }
+
+        .timeline-parent-open td {
+            color: $t-dark;
+        }
     }
 }
 
diff --git a/admin/framework/.gitignore b/admin/framework/.gitignore
index 11abea699408..696da9cb0a91 100644
--- a/admin/framework/.gitignore
+++ b/admin/framework/.gitignore
@@ -61,6 +61,7 @@ writable/uploads/*
 !writable/uploads/index.html
 
 writable/debugbar/*
+!writable/debugbar/.gitkeep
 
 php_errors.log
 
diff --git a/admin/framework/README.md b/admin/framework/README.md
index 870e5f96adff..00cdf704c2f4 100644
--- a/admin/framework/README.md
+++ b/admin/framework/README.md
@@ -47,6 +47,11 @@ PHP version 7.4 or higher is required, with the following extensions installed:
 - [intl](http://php.net/manual/en/intl.requirements.php)
 - [mbstring](http://php.net/manual/en/mbstring.installation.php)
 
+> **Warning**
+> The end of life date for PHP 7.4 was November 28, 2022. If you are
+> still using PHP 7.4, you should upgrade immediately. The end of life date
+> for PHP 8.0 will be November 26, 2023.
+
 Additionally, make sure that the following extensions are enabled in your PHP:
 
 - json (enabled by default - don't turn it off)
diff --git a/admin/starter/.gitignore b/admin/starter/.gitignore
index 11abea699408..696da9cb0a91 100644
--- a/admin/starter/.gitignore
+++ b/admin/starter/.gitignore
@@ -61,6 +61,7 @@ writable/uploads/*
 !writable/uploads/index.html
 
 writable/debugbar/*
+!writable/debugbar/.gitkeep
 
 php_errors.log
 
diff --git a/admin/starter/README.md b/admin/starter/README.md
index 461e949f2f26..11d1cf13eec4 100644
--- a/admin/starter/README.md
+++ b/admin/starter/README.md
@@ -55,6 +55,11 @@ PHP version 7.4 or higher is required, with the following extensions installed:
 - [intl](http://php.net/manual/en/intl.requirements.php)
 - [mbstring](http://php.net/manual/en/mbstring.installation.php)
 
+> **Warning**
+> The end of life date for PHP 7.4 was November 28, 2022. If you are
+> still using PHP 7.4, you should upgrade immediately. The end of life date
+> for PHP 8.0 will be November 26, 2023.
+
 Additionally, make sure that the following extensions are enabled in your PHP:
 
 - json (enabled by default - don't turn it off)
diff --git a/app/Config/Migrations.php b/app/Config/Migrations.php
index 3c825667cf69..1dec8b9b3a40 100644
--- a/app/Config/Migrations.php
+++ b/app/Config/Migrations.php
@@ -25,9 +25,7 @@ class Migrations extends BaseConfig
      *
      * This is the name of the table that will store the current migrations state.
      * When migrations runs it will store in a database table which migration
-     * level the system is at. It then compares the migration level in this
-     * table to the $config['migration_version'] if they are not the same it
-     * will migrate up. This must be set.
+     * files have already been run.
      */
     public string $table = 'migrations';
 
diff --git a/app/Config/View.php b/app/Config/View.php
index 78cd547e3b8f..cf00863fb70b 100644
--- a/app/Config/View.php
+++ b/app/Config/View.php
@@ -5,6 +5,10 @@
 use CodeIgniter\Config\View as BaseView;
 use CodeIgniter\View\ViewDecoratorInterface;
 
+/**
+ * @phpstan-type ParserCallable (callable(mixed): mixed)
+ * @phpstan-type ParserCallableString (callable(mixed): mixed)&string
+ */
 class View extends BaseView
 {
     /**
@@ -30,7 +34,8 @@ class View extends BaseView
      *  { title|esc(js) }
      *  { created_on|date(Y-m-d)|esc(attr) }
      *
-     * @var array
+     * @var array<string, string>
+     * @phpstan-var array<string, ParserCallableString>
      */
     public $filters = [];
 
@@ -39,7 +44,8 @@ class View extends BaseView
      * by the core Parser by creating aliases that will be replaced with
      * any callable. Can be single or tag pair.
      *
-     * @var array
+     * @var array<string, array<string>|callable|string>
+     * @phpstan-var array<string, array<ParserCallableString>|ParserCallableString|ParserCallable>
      */
     public $plugins = [];
 
diff --git a/changelogs/CHANGELOG_4.3.md b/changelogs/CHANGELOG_4.3.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..94a007bcc8f6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/changelogs/CHANGELOG_4.3.md
@@ -0,0 +1,326 @@
+# Changelog 4.3
+
+## [v4.3.8](https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/tree/v4.3.8) (2023-08-25)
+[Full Changelog](https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/compare/v4.3.7...v4.3.8)
+
+### Fixed Bugs
+
+* fix: [Pager] knocks down variables for View by @kenjis in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/7758
+* fix: Model::insertBatch() causes error to non auto increment table by @kenjis in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/7759
+* fix: [Model] updateBatch() may generate invalid SQL statement by @kenjis in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/7787
+* fix: Model inserts cast $primaryKey value when using Entity by @kenjis in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/7806
+* fix: instances of Validation rules are incremented each time `run()` is executed by @kenjis in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/7815
+* fix: filter except empty by @kenjis in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/7823
+* fix: `set_checkbox()` checks unchecked checkbox by @kenjis in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/7818
+
+### Refactoring
+
+* Normalize data provider names by @paulbalandan in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/7656
+* refactor: remove Model::$tempPrimaryKeyValue by @kenjis in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/7760
+* Remove unused cast on RedisHandler by @samsonasik in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/7786
+
+## [v4.3.7](https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/tree/v4.3.7) (2023-07-30)
+[Full Changelog](https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/compare/v4.3.6...v4.3.7)
+
+### Breaking Changes
+
+* fix: FeatureTestTrait may change $params values passed to call(), and a few bug fixes by @kenjis in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/7602
+* fix: auto routing legacy and $route->add() by @kenjis in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/7690
+* fix: [Model] setValidationRule() cannot use with ruleGroup by @kenjis in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/7691
+
+### Fixed Bugs
+
+* docs: fix incorrect description on RedirectException (1) by @kenjis in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/7629
+* docs: fix incorrect description on RedirectException (2) by @kenjis in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/7633
+* fix: skip http proxy added header by @jozefrebjak in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/7622
+* fix: number_to_roman() param type by @kenjis in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/7640
+* fix: [Auto Routing Improved] feature testing may use incorrect param count by @kenjis in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/7597
+* fix: `url_to()` error message by @kenjis in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/7652
+* fix: [ViewCells] caching by @kenjis in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/7663
+* fix: [ViewCells] when there are cells with the same short name, only the first cell is loaded by @kenjis in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/7686
+* Fix number comparison in number_to_amount() in number_helper.php by @sba in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/7701
+* fix: wrong Config classname to config() in Toolbar by @kenjis in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/7735
+* fix: $sensitiveDataInTrace does not work by @kenjis in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/7725
+
+### Enhancements
+
+* Remove PHPStan from pre-commit hook by @lonnieezell in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/7618
+
+### Refactoring
+
+* refactor: remove unused property in Encryption\Handlers\BaseHandler by @kenjis in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/7579
+* refactor: use ::class to config() param by @kenjis in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/7611
+* refactor: remove unused non-empty array in RequestTrait by @kenjis in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/7620
+* refactor: [Cache] simplify code of `FileHandler::getItem()` by @paulbalandan in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/7667
+* refactor:  replace `config(Paths::class)` by @kenjis in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/7702
+
+## [v4.3.6](https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/tree/v4.3.6) (2023-06-18)
+[Full Changelog](https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/compare/v4.3.5...v4.3.6)
+
+### Breaking Changes
+
+* fix: [Validation] DBGroup is ignored when checking the value of a placeholder by @kenjis in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/7549
+* fix: [Auto Routing Improved] feature testing may not find controller/method by @kenjis in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/7543
+
+### Fixed Bugs
+
+* fix: feature test with validation by @kenjis in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/7548
+* fix: [Postgre] Semicolon in the connection parameters break the DSN string by @michalsn in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/7552
+* fix: [QueryBuilder] incorrect SQL without space before "ON DUPLICATE KEY UPDATE" by @kenjis in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/7564
+* fix: wrong classname in exception message in Cell by @kenjis in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/7569
+* fix: `imagecreatefrompng()` gd-png: libpng warning by @ping-yee in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/7570
+
+### Refactoring
+
+* refactor: remove unneeded code in IncomingRequest by @kenjis in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/7525
+* refactor: View by @kenjis in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/7534
+* refactor: [Entity] fix incorrect return value by @kenjis in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/7542
+* refactor: Database::initDriver() by @kenjis in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/7553
+* refactor: remove Factories::models() by @paulbalandan in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/7566
+* refactor: Validation::processRules() by @kenjis in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/7565
+* refactor: [Auto Routing Improved] ensure $httpVerb is lower case by @kenjis in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/7575
+
+## [v4.3.5](https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/tree/v4.3.5) (2023-05-21)
+[Full Changelog](https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/compare/v4.3.4...v4.3.5)
+
+### SECURITY
+
+* *Remote Code Execution Vulnerability in Validation Placeholders* was fixed. See the [Security advisory](https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/security/advisories/GHSA-m6m8-6gq8-c9fj) for more information.
+* fix: Session::stop() does not destroy session by @kenjis in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/7503
+
+### Fixed Bugs
+
+* docs: remove incorrect @property in ResponseTrait by @kenjis in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/7495
+* fix: validation error when a closure is used in combination with permit_empty or if_exist rules by @michalsn in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/7492
+* fix: standardize behavior of `make:cell` and `Cells` by @paulbalandan in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/7481
+* fix: PostgreSQL getVersion() logic by @marekmosna in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/7488
+* fix: PostgreSQL getVersion() output by @kenjis in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/7509
+
+### Enhancements
+
+* feat: user guide dark mode by @michalsn in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/7463
+
+### Refactoring
+
+* refactor: Entity variable by @kenjis in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/7499
+
+## [v4.3.4](https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/tree/v4.3.4) (2023-04-27)
+[Full Changelog](https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/compare/v4.3.3...v4.3.4)
+
+### Breaking Changes
+
+* fix: redirect status code by @kenjis in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/7445
+* fix: [SQLite3][Postgres][SQLSRV][OCI8] Forge::modifyColumn() changes NULL constraint incorrectly by @kenjis in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/7371
+
+### Fixed Bugs
+
+* fix: view cell cannot locate the auto-generated view file by @sammyskills in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/7392
+* fix: CURLRequest - clear response headers between requests by @michalsn in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/7398
+* fix: [Auto Routing Improved] spark routes shows invalid routes by @kenjis in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/7419
+* fix: remove $insertID in make:model template by @kenjis in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/7443
+* fix: add missing 'make:cell' in app/Config/Generators.php by @kenjis in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/7458
+
+### Refactoring
+
+* refactor: Security::getPostedToken() by @kenjis in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/7377
+
+## [v4.3.3](https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/tree/v4.3.3) (2023-03-26)
+[Full Changelog](https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/compare/v4.3.2...v4.3.3)
+
+### Fixed Bugs
+
+* docs: fix $systemDirectory path in existing project. by @jozefrebjak in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/7289
+* docs: fix message.rst and improve content_negotiation.rst by @kenjis in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/7280
+* fix: Encryption CI3 compatibility by @kenjis in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/7273
+* fix: [QueryBuilder] RawSql causes error when using like() and countAllResults() by @kenjis in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/7277
+* fix: handling of null bytes in `Exceptions::renderBacktrace()` by @paulbalandan in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/7306
+* fix: incorrect metadata querying of Redis cache by @paulbalandan in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/7307
+* fix: [Email] add missing TLS 1.3 support by @kenjis in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/7317
+* docs: add warning to random_string() by @kenjis in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/7333
+* fix: random_string() numeric by @kenjis in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/7336
+* docs: add note for addColumn() and NULL by @kenjis in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/7342
+* fix: respondNoContent() returns Kint script in development mode by @anggadarkprince in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/7347
+* fix: use first exception in exceptionHandler() by @kenjis in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/7341
+* fix: random_string() alpha alnum nozero by @kenjis in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/7344
+* fix: migrate:rollback -b negative number by @kenjis in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/7350
+* fix: site_url() does not support protocol-relative links by @kenjis in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/7353
+* docs: add uri_string() BC in v4.3.2 by @kenjis in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/7356
+* fix: Cache FileHandler error when there is a folder in cache dir by @kenjis in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/7361
+
+### Refactoring
+
+* refactor: consistent header name case by @kenjis in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/7299
+
+## [v4.3.2](https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/tree/v4.3.2) (2023-02-18)
+[Full Changelog](https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/compare/v4.3.1...v4.3.2)
+
+### Breaking Changes
+
+* fix: base_url() removes trailing slash in baseURL by @kenjis in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/7200
+* fix: remove parameter $relative in `uri_string()` by @kenjis in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/7135
+
+### Fixed Bugs
+
+* docs: fix incorrect sample code in view_parser by @kenjis in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/7103
+* docs: add missing items in upgrade_430.rst/v4.3.0.rst by @kenjis in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/7119
+* fix: remove `All` from `Options All -Indexes` in .htaccess by @sba in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/7093
+* fix: bug on stuck content-type header in Feature Testing by @baycik in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/7112
+* fix: ordering `Validation` show error by call `setRule()` by @ddevsr in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/7149
+* fix: [QueryBuilder] where() generates incorrect SQL when using RawSql by @sclubricants in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/7147
+* fix: [QueryBuilder] RawSql passed to set() disappears without error by @kenjis in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/7148
+* fix: [Parser] local_currency causes "Passing null to parameter" by @kenjis in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/7157
+* fix: [Parser] `!` does not work if delimiters are changed by @kenjis in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/7142
+* fix: Throttler token time calculation by @rumpfc in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/7160
+* fix: [QueryBuilder] getOperatorFromWhereKey() misses EXISTS, BETWEEN by @kenjis in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/7155
+* docs: Correcting documentation mistakes in upgrading from one version to another by @objecttothis in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/7191
+* fix: [Session] `Redis` connect to protocol `TLS` by @ddevsr in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/7187
+* fix: Autoloader may not add Composer package's namespaces by @kenjis in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/7193
+* fix: add try/catch to real_path() in clean_path() by @kenjis in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/7195
+* fix: cannot create shared View instance when using debugbar by @kenjis in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/7172
+* fix: RouteCollection::getRegisteredControllers() may not return all controllers by @kenjis in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/7174
+* fix: `spark routes` shows incorrect hostname routes by @kenjis in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/7176
+* docs: add missing composer.json in Mandatory File Changes by @kenjis in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/7170
+* fix: stack trace displayed when Exception handler runs out of memory is useless by @kenjis in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/7212
+* fix: support for display of error message using wildcard (*) by @sammyskills in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/7226
+* fix: routing behavior when $uriProtocol is QUERY_STRING by @kenjis in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/7199
+* fix: site_url() does not use alt Config by @kenjis in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/7215
+* docs: add missing @method having() in Model by @paul45 in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/7258
+
+### Enhancements
+
+* add `application/vnd.microsoft.portable-executable` and `application/x-dosexec` by @totoprayogo1916 in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/7144
+
+### Refactoring
+
+* refactor: add PHPDoc types in RouteCollection by @kenjis in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/7129
+* refactor: URI::parseStr() by @kenjis in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/7154
+* refactor: error_exception.php by @kenjis in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/7171
+* [Rector] Apply Rector to app/Views by @samsonasik in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/7169
+* refactor: Update PHPDoc Common::config by @maniaba in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/7224
+
+## [v4.3.1](https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/tree/v4.3.1) (2023-01-14)
+[Full Changelog](https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/compare/v4.3.0...v4.3.1)
+
+### Fixed Bugs
+
+* fix: Email config in the .env doesn't appear as expected by @kenjis in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/7078
+* fix: TypeError in Validation is_unique/is_not_unique by @kenjis in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/7085
+* fix: revert method name resetQuery() changed accidentally by @kenjis in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/7083
+* fix: handling float in Validation Strcit Rules (greater_than, greater_than_equal_to, less_than, less_than_equal_to) by @kenjis in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/7098
+* docs: add missing instruction for Config/Exceptions in PHP 8.2 by @kenjis in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/7100
+* fix: Call to undefined method Composer\InstalledVersions::getAllRawData() error by @kenjis in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/7107
+
+### Refactoring
+
+* [Rector] Enable AddDefaultValueForUndefinedVariableRector by @samsonasik in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/7088
+
+## [v4.3.0](https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/tree/v4.3.0) (2023-01-10)
+[Full Changelog](https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/compare/v4.2.12...v4.3.0)
+
+### Breaking Changes
+
+* fix: throws DatabaseException in DB connections by @kenjis in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/6163
+* config: DB Error always throws Exception CI_DBUG by @kenjis in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/6183
+* Config Property Types by @kenjis in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/6214
+* refactor: loading app/Config/routes.php by @kenjis in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/6293
+* fix: exceptionHandler may return invalid HTTP status code by @kenjis in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/6228
+* feat: add Form helpers for Validation Errors by @kenjis in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/6384
+* fix: ValidationInterface by @kenjis in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/6253
+* fix: types in database classes by @kenjis in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/6527
+* fix: ResponseInterface (1) by @kenjis in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/6556
+* Improve BaseConnection::getForeignKeyData() and Forge::addForeignKey() by @sclubricants in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/6468
+* Refactor BaseBuilder *Batch() Methods by @sclubricants in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/6536
+* refactor: remove `type="text/javascript"` in <script> tag by @kenjis in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/6606
+* fix: ResponseInterface (2) by @kenjis in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/6569
+* Add ability to set index names by @sclubricants in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/6552
+* fix: MessageInterface inheritance by @MGatner in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/6695
+* fix: add missing getProtocolVersion() in MessageInterface by @kenjis in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/6702
+* Add Forge::processIndexes() to create indexes on existing table by @sclubricants in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/6676
+* fix: add missing ResultInterface::getNumRows() by @kenjis in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/6778
+* feat: add OutgoingRequestInterface by @kenjis in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/6698
+* fix: make Time immutable by @kenjis in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/6771
+* feat: disallow `Model::update()` without WHERE clause by @kenjis in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/6883
+* feat: do not throw exceptions during transactions by default by @kenjis in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/6917
+* fix: don't change the variable type and filter all values in JSON request by @michalsn in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/6954
+
+### Fixed Bugs
+
+* fix: SecurityException's HTTP status code by @kenjis in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/6408
+* Fix UpsertTest::testUpsertWithMultipleSet by @sclubricants in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/6692
+* fix: support for assigning extra data for the view() method in controlled cells by @michalsn in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/6681
+* Fix testMode() with upsert() and getCompiledUpsert() by @sclubricants in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/6697
+* Fix BaseBuilder setAlias() and RawSql use with key value pairs by @sclubricants in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/6741
+* fix: BasePreparedQuery class to return boolean values for write-type queries by @michalsn in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/6750
+* fix: Time::now() does not respect timezone when using setTestNow() by @kenjis in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/6752
+* fix: remove CI_DEBUG check in Model by @kenjis in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/6863
+* fix: BaseBuilder::getOperator() doesn't recognize LIKE operator in array expression by @kenjis in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/6986
+* fix: Honeypot field appears when CSP is enabled by @kenjis in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/7029
+
+### Enhancements
+
+* Feature: Adding StreamFilterTrait by @iRedds in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/6112
+* feat: add routes useSupportedLocalesOnly property by @pjsde in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/6073
+* Feat add events for insertBatch()/updateBatch() by @pjsde in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/6125
+* feat: improve namespaces command by @kenjis in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/6142
+* feat: add method to insert empty data in Model by @kenjis in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/6109
+* feat: Autoloader::sanitizeFilename() throws Exception by @kenjis in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/6193
+* Language: Make production error message translatable (replaces #6197) by @sba in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/6235
+* feat: add methods to modify files in Publisher by @kenjis in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/6133
+* SQLite3 Connection getIndexData() by @sclubricants in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/6221
+* feat: `spark filter:check` command by @kenjis in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/6283
+* feat: Encryption CI3 compatibility by @kenjis in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/6277
+* feat: `spark routes` shows route name by @kenjis in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/6271
+* error_404.php translation and design by @sba in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/6288
+* feat: make `CLI::input()` testable by @kenjis in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/6335
+* Feature for Timer to measure callable performance by @rumpfc in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/6321
+* feat: add IntBoolCast for Entity by @kenjis in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/6348
+* Add new method `promptByMultipleKeys()` in CLI class by @rivalarya in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/6302
+* Allow calling help info using `spark --help` by @paulbalandan in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/6383
+* feat: autoload helpers by @kenjis in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/6397
+* Add RawSql to BaseConnection->escape() by @sclubricants in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/6332
+* feat: add locale param to `route_to()` by @kenjis in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/6448
+* Postgre & SQLSRV - Should Never Have A Field Length For TEXT by @sclubricants in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/6405
+* [4.3] Fix tests. Changed StreamFilterTrait and CITestStreamFilter. by @iRedds in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/6450
+* Create Forge::dropPrimaryKey() by @sclubricants in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/6488
+* feat: add manual config for Composer package auto-discovery by @kenjis in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/6503
+* Added view() method to route collections by @kenjis in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/6568
+* When/WhenNot methods for db in a trait by @lonnieezell in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/6574
+* Allow Cells to be auto-located within */Cells directories by @lonnieezell in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/6601
+* Decamelize function by @lonnieezell in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/6615
+* feat: Controlled Cells by @lonnieezell in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/6620
+* Allow HTTP/3 to work and not be blocked. by @lonnieezell in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/6595
+* feat: add method to disable controller filters by @kenjis in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/6652
+* feat: implementation option http2 in `CURLRequest` by @ddevsr in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/6679
+* Add BaseBuilder::upsert() and BaseBuilder::upsertBatch() by @sclubricants in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/6600
+* Deallocate prepared statements by @fpoy in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/6665
+* feat: Check logs against parts of the message only by @paulbalandan in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/6704
+* feat: Opt-in logging of deprecations by @paulbalandan in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/6705
+* feat: void element tags in helpers are selectable between `>` and `/>` by @ddevsr in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/6789
+* feat: add $allowedHostnames for multiple domain support by @kenjis in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/6785
+* new make:cell command  by @lonnieezell in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/6864
+* Add BaseBuilder::deleteBatch() by @sclubricants in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/6734
+* Update Kint to 5.0.1 by @kenjis in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/6893
+* Add `is_windows()` global function by @paulbalandan in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/6884
+* fix: HTML output by @kenjis in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/6899
+* feat: add SQLite3 Config busyTimeout by @kenjis in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/6939
+* insertBatch updateBatch upsertBatch deleteBatch from query by @sclubricants in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/6689
+* feat: add IncomingRequest::getRawInputVar() method by @michalsn in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/6943
+* feat: add closure validation rule by @kenjis in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/6951
+* refactor: add Config\Session by @kenjis in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/6989
+* feat: add IncomingRequest::is() method by @kenjis in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/6995
+* feat: `spark routes` option to sort by handler by @kenjis in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/7015
+
+### Refactoring
+
+* Extracting the call handler for Spark commands from kernel. by @iRedds in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/6110
+* chore: move Kint to `require-dev` by @kenjis in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/6449
+* Improve `BaseBuilder::updateBatch()` SQL by @sclubricants in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/6373
+* refactor: to fix psalm errors by @kenjis in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/6535
+* Add template types to `Connection` by @paulbalandan in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/6709
+* refactor: around URI by @kenjis in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/6784
+* Add template types to Result by @paulbalandan in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/6749
+* refactor: make now() testable by @kenjis in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/6753
+* refactor: remove Workaround for Faker deprecation errors in PHP 8.2 by @kenjis in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/6987
+* refactor: to fix psalm error by @kenjis in https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/pull/6999
+
+See [CHANGELOG_4.2.md](./changelogs/CHANGELOG_4.2.md)
diff --git a/composer.json b/composer.json
index 9421a652fb7a..cd134a93f9bd 100644
--- a/composer.json
+++ b/composer.json
@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@
     },
     "require-dev": {
         "codeigniter/coding-standard": "^1.5",
+        "codeigniter/phpstan-codeigniter": "^v1.1",
         "ergebnis/composer-normalize": "^2.28",
         "fakerphp/faker": "^1.9",
         "kint-php/kint": "^5.0.4",
@@ -26,11 +27,13 @@
         "nexusphp/cs-config": "^3.6",
         "nexusphp/tachycardia": "^1.0",
         "php-coveralls/php-coveralls": "^2.5",
+        "phpstan/extension-installer": "^1.3",
         "phpstan/phpstan": "^1.10.2",
+        "phpstan/phpstan-strict-rules": "^1.5",
         "phpunit/phpcov": "^8.2",
         "phpunit/phpunit": "^9.1",
         "predis/predis": "^1.1 || ^2.0",
-        "rector/rector": "0.18.1",
+        "rector/rector": "0.18.5",
         "vimeo/psalm": "^5.0"
     },
     "suggest": {
@@ -69,7 +72,8 @@
     },
     "config": {
         "allow-plugins": {
-            "ergebnis/composer-normalize": true
+            "ergebnis/composer-normalize": true,
+            "phpstan/extension-installer": true
         },
         "optimize-autoloader": true,
         "preferred-install": "dist",
diff --git a/phpstan-baseline.php b/phpstan-baseline.php
index ec5d6987990e..d1c574463f58 100644
--- a/phpstan-baseline.php
+++ b/phpstan-baseline.php
@@ -2,759 +2,2819 @@
 
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+	'message' => '#^PHPDoc type array\\<string\\> of property Config\\\\Modules\\:\\:\\$aliases is not the same as PHPDoc type array of overridden property CodeIgniter\\\\Modules\\\\Modules\\:\\:\\$aliases\\.$#',
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+	'path' => __DIR__ . '/system/Session/Session.php',
+];
+$ignoreErrors[] = [
+	'message' => '#^Short ternary operator is not allowed\\. Use null coalesce operator if applicable or consider using long ternary\\.$#',
+	'count' => 1,
+	'path' => __DIR__ . '/system/Session/Session.php',
+];
 $ignoreErrors[] = [
 	'message' => '#^Method CodeIgniter\\\\Session\\\\SessionInterface\\:\\:destroy\\(\\) has no return type specified\\.$#',
 	'count' => 1,
@@ -1121,6 +3281,11 @@
 	'count' => 1,
 	'path' => __DIR__ . '/system/Session/SessionInterface.php',
 ];
+$ignoreErrors[] = [
+	'message' => '#^Construct empty\\(\\) is not allowed\\. Use more strict comparison\\.$#',
+	'count' => 4,
+	'path' => __DIR__ . '/system/Test/CIDatabaseTestCase.php',
+];
 $ignoreErrors[] = [
 	'message' => '#^Method CodeIgniter\\\\Test\\\\CIDatabaseTestCase\\:\\:clearInsertCache\\(\\) has no return type specified\\.$#',
 	'count' => 1,
@@ -1231,6 +3396,26 @@
 	'count' => 1,
 	'path' => __DIR__ . '/system/Test/CIUnitTestCase.php',
 ];
+$ignoreErrors[] = [
+	'message' => '#^Only booleans are allowed in a negated boolean, CodeIgniter\\\\CodeIgniter given\\.$#',
+	'count' => 1,
+	'path' => __DIR__ . '/system/Test/CIUnitTestCase.php',
+];
+$ignoreErrors[] = [
+	'message' => '#^Short ternary operator is not allowed\\. Use null coalesce operator if applicable or consider using long ternary\\.$#',
+	'count' => 1,
+	'path' => __DIR__ . '/system/Test/CIUnitTestCase.php',
+];
+$ignoreErrors[] = [
+	'message' => '#^Call to function is_array\\(\\) with non\\-empty\\-array will always evaluate to true\\.$#',
+	'count' => 1,
+	'path' => __DIR__ . '/system/Test/DOMParser.php',
+];
+$ignoreErrors[] = [
+	'message' => '#^Construct empty\\(\\) is not allowed\\. Use more strict comparison\\.$#',
+	'count' => 7,
+	'path' => __DIR__ . '/system/Test/DOMParser.php',
+];
 $ignoreErrors[] = [
 	'message' => '#^Access to an undefined property object\\:\\:\\$createdField\\.$#',
 	'count' => 1,
@@ -1246,11 +3431,36 @@
 	'count' => 1,
 	'path' => __DIR__ . '/system/Test/Fabricator.php',
 ];
+$ignoreErrors[] = [
+	'message' => '#^Construct empty\\(\\) is not allowed\\. Use more strict comparison\\.$#',
+	'count' => 5,
+	'path' => __DIR__ . '/system/Test/Fabricator.php',
+];
 $ignoreErrors[] = [
 	'message' => '#^Method CodeIgniter\\\\Test\\\\Fabricator\\:\\:resetCounts\\(\\) has no return type specified\\.$#',
 	'count' => 1,
 	'path' => __DIR__ . '/system/Test/Fabricator.php',
 ];
+$ignoreErrors[] = [
+	'message' => '#^Parameter \\#1 \\$name of function model expects a valid class string, string given\\.$#',
+	'count' => 1,
+	'path' => __DIR__ . '/system/Test/Fabricator.php',
+];
+$ignoreErrors[] = [
+	'message' => '#^Assigning \'test\' directly on offset \'HTTPS\' of \\$_SERVER is discouraged\\.$#',
+	'count' => 1,
+	'path' => __DIR__ . '/system/Test/FeatureTestCase.php',
+];
+$ignoreErrors[] = [
+	'message' => '#^Assigning string directly on offset \'REQUEST_METHOD\' of \\$_SERVER is discouraged\\.$#',
+	'count' => 1,
+	'path' => __DIR__ . '/system/Test/FeatureTestCase.php',
+];
+$ignoreErrors[] = [
+	'message' => '#^Construct empty\\(\\) is not allowed\\. Use more strict comparison\\.$#',
+	'count' => 10,
+	'path' => __DIR__ . '/system/Test/FeatureTestCase.php',
+];
 $ignoreErrors[] = [
 	'message' => '#^Method CodeIgniter\\\\Test\\\\FeatureTestCase\\:\\:clearInsertCache\\(\\) has no return type specified\\.$#',
 	'count' => 1,
@@ -1321,6 +3531,11 @@
 	'count' => 1,
 	'path' => __DIR__ . '/system/Test/FeatureTestCase.php',
 ];
+$ignoreErrors[] = [
+	'message' => '#^Only booleans are allowed in a negated boolean, CodeIgniter\\\\Router\\\\RouteCollection\\|null given\\.$#',
+	'count' => 1,
+	'path' => __DIR__ . '/system/Test/FeatureTestCase.php',
+];
 $ignoreErrors[] = [
 	'message' => '#^Property CodeIgniter\\\\Test\\\\CIUnitTestCase\\:\\:\\$bodyFormat \\(string\\) in isset\\(\\) is not nullable\\.$#',
 	'count' => 1,
@@ -1371,6 +3586,11 @@
 	'count' => 1,
 	'path' => __DIR__ . '/system/Test/Mock/MockCURLRequest.php',
 ];
+$ignoreErrors[] = [
+	'message' => '#^Construct empty\\(\\) is not allowed\\. Use more strict comparison\\.$#',
+	'count' => 3,
+	'path' => __DIR__ . '/system/Test/Mock/MockCache.php',
+];
 $ignoreErrors[] = [
 	'message' => '#^Method CodeIgniter\\\\Test\\\\Mock\\\\MockCache\\:\\:assertHas\\(\\) has no return type specified\\.$#',
 	'count' => 1,
@@ -1387,15 +3607,35 @@
 	'path' => __DIR__ . '/system/Test/Mock/MockCache.php',
 ];
 $ignoreErrors[] = [
-	'message' => '#^Method CodeIgniter\\\\Test\\\\Mock\\\\MockCodeIgniter\\:\\:callExit\\(\\) has no return type specified\\.$#',
+	'message' => '#^Return type \\(mixed\\) of method CodeIgniter\\\\Test\\\\Mock\\\\MockCache\\:\\:get\\(\\) should be covariant with return type \\(array\\|bool\\|float\\|int\\|object\\|string\\|null\\) of method CodeIgniter\\\\Cache\\\\CacheInterface\\:\\:get\\(\\)$#',
+	'count' => 2,
+	'path' => __DIR__ . '/system/Test/Mock/MockCache.php',
+];
+$ignoreErrors[] = [
+	'message' => '#^Return type \\(mixed\\) of method CodeIgniter\\\\Test\\\\Mock\\\\MockCache\\:\\:remember\\(\\) should be covariant with return type \\(array\\|bool\\|float\\|int\\|object\\|string\\|null\\) of method CodeIgniter\\\\Cache\\\\Handlers\\\\BaseHandler\\:\\:remember\\(\\)$#',
 	'count' => 1,
-	'path' => __DIR__ . '/system/Test/Mock/MockCodeIgniter.php',
+	'path' => __DIR__ . '/system/Test/Mock/MockCache.php',
+];
+$ignoreErrors[] = [
+	'message' => '#^Short ternary operator is not allowed\\. Use null coalesce operator if applicable or consider using long ternary\\.$#',
+	'count' => 2,
+	'path' => __DIR__ . '/system/Test/Mock/MockCache.php',
 ];
 $ignoreErrors[] = [
 	'message' => '#^Cannot access property \\$insert_id on object\\|resource\\|false\\.$#',
 	'count' => 1,
 	'path' => __DIR__ . '/system/Test/Mock/MockConnection.php',
 ];
+$ignoreErrors[] = [
+	'message' => '#^Construct empty\\(\\) is not allowed\\. Use more strict comparison\\.$#',
+	'count' => 2,
+	'path' => __DIR__ . '/system/Test/Mock/MockConnection.php',
+];
+$ignoreErrors[] = [
+	'message' => '#^Method CodeIgniter\\\\Test\\\\Mock\\\\MockConnection\\:\\:_close\\(\\) should return mixed but return statement is missing\\.$#',
+	'count' => 1,
+	'path' => __DIR__ . '/system/Test/Mock/MockConnection.php',
+];
 $ignoreErrors[] = [
 	'message' => '#^Method CodeIgniter\\\\Test\\\\Mock\\\\MockConnection\\:\\:shouldReturn\\(\\) has no return type specified\\.$#',
 	'count' => 1,
@@ -1411,6 +3651,36 @@
 	'count' => 1,
 	'path' => __DIR__ . '/system/Test/Mock/MockConnection.php',
 ];
+$ignoreErrors[] = [
+	'message' => '#^Return type \\(array\\{code\\: int\\|string\\|null, message\\: string\\|null\\}\\) of method CodeIgniter\\\\Test\\\\Mock\\\\MockConnection\\:\\:error\\(\\) should be covariant with return type \\(array\\<string, int\\|string\\>\\) of method CodeIgniter\\\\Database\\\\ConnectionInterface\\<object\\|resource,object\\|resource\\>\\:\\:error\\(\\)$#',
+	'count' => 1,
+	'path' => __DIR__ . '/system/Test/Mock/MockConnection.php',
+];
+$ignoreErrors[] = [
+	'message' => '#^Return type \\(bool\\|CodeIgniter\\\\Database\\\\BaseResult\\|CodeIgniter\\\\Database\\\\Query\\) of method CodeIgniter\\\\Test\\\\Mock\\\\MockConnection\\:\\:query\\(\\) should be covariant with return type \\(bool\\|CodeIgniter\\\\Database\\\\BaseResult\\<object\\|resource, object\\|resource\\>\\|CodeIgniter\\\\Database\\\\Query\\) of method CodeIgniter\\\\Database\\\\BaseConnection\\<object\\|resource,object\\|resource\\>\\:\\:query\\(\\)$#',
+	'count' => 1,
+	'path' => __DIR__ . '/system/Test/Mock/MockConnection.php',
+];
+$ignoreErrors[] = [
+	'message' => '#^Return type \\(bool\\|CodeIgniter\\\\Database\\\\BaseResult\\|CodeIgniter\\\\Database\\\\Query\\) of method CodeIgniter\\\\Test\\\\Mock\\\\MockConnection\\:\\:query\\(\\) should be covariant with return type \\(bool\\|CodeIgniter\\\\Database\\\\BaseResult\\<object\\|resource, object\\|resource\\>\\|CodeIgniter\\\\Database\\\\Query\\) of method CodeIgniter\\\\Database\\\\ConnectionInterface\\<object\\|resource,object\\|resource\\>\\:\\:query\\(\\)$#',
+	'count' => 1,
+	'path' => __DIR__ . '/system/Test/Mock/MockConnection.php',
+];
+$ignoreErrors[] = [
+	'message' => '#^Return type \\(bool\\|object\\) of method CodeIgniter\\\\Test\\\\Mock\\\\MockConnection\\:\\:execute\\(\\) should be covariant with return type \\(object\\|resource\\|false\\) of method CodeIgniter\\\\Database\\\\BaseConnection\\<object\\|resource,object\\|resource\\>\\:\\:execute\\(\\)$#',
+	'count' => 1,
+	'path' => __DIR__ . '/system/Test/Mock/MockConnection.php',
+];
+$ignoreErrors[] = [
+	'message' => '#^Return type \\(mixed\\) of method CodeIgniter\\\\Test\\\\Mock\\\\MockConnection\\:\\:connect\\(\\) should be covariant with return type \\(object\\|resource\\|false\\) of method CodeIgniter\\\\Database\\\\ConnectionInterface\\<object\\|resource,object\\|resource\\>\\:\\:connect\\(\\)$#',
+	'count' => 2,
+	'path' => __DIR__ . '/system/Test/Mock/MockConnection.php',
+];
+$ignoreErrors[] = [
+	'message' => '#^Return type \\(mixed\\) of method CodeIgniter\\\\Test\\\\Mock\\\\MockConnection\\:\\:setDatabase\\(\\) should be covariant with return type \\(bool\\) of method CodeIgniter\\\\Database\\\\ConnectionInterface\\<object\\|resource,object\\|resource\\>\\:\\:setDatabase\\(\\)$#',
+	'count' => 2,
+	'path' => __DIR__ . '/system/Test/Mock/MockConnection.php',
+];
 $ignoreErrors[] = [
 	'message' => '#^Method CodeIgniter\\\\Test\\\\Mock\\\\MockEvents\\:\\:getEventsFile\\(\\) has no return type specified\\.$#',
 	'count' => 1,
@@ -1471,6 +3741,11 @@
 	'count' => 1,
 	'path' => __DIR__ . '/system/Test/Mock/MockResourceController.php',
 ];
+$ignoreErrors[] = [
+	'message' => '#^Construct empty\\(\\) is not allowed\\. Use more strict comparison\\.$#',
+	'count' => 2,
+	'path' => __DIR__ . '/system/Test/Mock/MockResourcePresenter.php',
+];
 $ignoreErrors[] = [
 	'message' => '#^Method CodeIgniter\\\\Test\\\\Mock\\\\MockResourcePresenter\\:\\:getFormat\\(\\) has no return type specified\\.$#',
 	'count' => 1,
@@ -1496,6 +3771,16 @@
 	'count' => 1,
 	'path' => __DIR__ . '/system/Test/Mock/MockResponse.php',
 ];
+$ignoreErrors[] = [
+	'message' => '#^Method CodeIgniter\\\\Test\\\\Mock\\\\MockResult\\:\\:fetchAssoc\\(\\) should return mixed but return statement is missing\\.$#',
+	'count' => 1,
+	'path' => __DIR__ . '/system/Test/Mock/MockResult.php',
+];
+$ignoreErrors[] = [
+	'message' => '#^Return type \\(mixed\\) of method CodeIgniter\\\\Test\\\\Mock\\\\MockResult\\:\\:fetchAssoc\\(\\) should be covariant with return type \\(array\\|false\\|null\\) of method CodeIgniter\\\\Database\\\\BaseResult\\<object\\|resource,object\\|resource\\>\\:\\:fetchAssoc\\(\\)$#',
+	'count' => 1,
+	'path' => __DIR__ . '/system/Test/Mock/MockResult.php',
+];
 $ignoreErrors[] = [
 	'message' => '#^Property CodeIgniter\\\\Test\\\\Mock\\\\MockSecurityConfig\\:\\:\\$excludeURIs has no type specified\\.$#',
 	'count' => 1,
@@ -1571,11 +3856,26 @@
 	'count' => 1,
 	'path' => __DIR__ . '/system/Test/TestLogger.php',
 ];
+$ignoreErrors[] = [
+	'message' => '#^Parameter \\#1 \\$level \\(string\\) of method CodeIgniter\\\\Test\\\\TestLogger\\:\\:log\\(\\) should be contravariant with parameter \\$level \\(mixed\\) of method Psr\\\\Log\\\\LoggerInterface\\:\\:log\\(\\)$#',
+	'count' => 1,
+	'path' => __DIR__ . '/system/Test/TestLogger.php',
+];
 $ignoreErrors[] = [
 	'message' => '#^Property CodeIgniter\\\\Test\\\\TestLogger\\:\\:\\$op_logs has no type specified\\.$#',
 	'count' => 1,
 	'path' => __DIR__ . '/system/Test/TestLogger.php',
 ];
+$ignoreErrors[] = [
+	'message' => '#^Construct empty\\(\\) is not allowed\\. Use more strict comparison\\.$#',
+	'count' => 1,
+	'path' => __DIR__ . '/system/Test/TestResponse.php',
+];
+$ignoreErrors[] = [
+	'message' => '#^Method CodeIgniter\\\\Test\\\\TestResponse\\:\\:__call\\(\\) should return mixed but return statement is missing\\.$#',
+	'count' => 1,
+	'path' => __DIR__ . '/system/Test/TestResponse.php',
+];
 $ignoreErrors[] = [
 	'message' => '#^Method CodeIgniter\\\\Test\\\\TestResponse\\:\\:assertCookie\\(\\) has no return type specified\\.$#',
 	'count' => 1,
@@ -1681,40 +3981,155 @@
 	'count' => 1,
 	'path' => __DIR__ . '/system/Test/TestResponse.php',
 ];
+$ignoreErrors[] = [
+	'message' => '#^Accessing offset \'app\\.baseURL\' directly on \\$_SERVER is discouraged\\.$#',
+	'count' => 1,
+	'path' => __DIR__ . '/system/Test/bootstrap.php',
+];
+$ignoreErrors[] = [
+	'message' => '#^Assigning \'http\\://example\\.com/\' directly on offset \'app\\.baseURL\' of \\$_SERVER is discouraged\\.$#',
+	'count' => 1,
+	'path' => __DIR__ . '/system/Test/bootstrap.php',
+];
+$ignoreErrors[] = [
+	'message' => '#^Assigning \'testing\' directly on offset \'CI_ENVIRONMENT\' of \\$_SERVER is discouraged\\.$#',
+	'count' => 1,
+	'path' => __DIR__ . '/system/Test/bootstrap.php',
+];
 $ignoreErrors[] = [
 	'message' => '#^Property CodeIgniter\\\\Throttle\\\\Throttler\\:\\:\\$testTime \\(int\\) on left side of \\?\\? is not nullable\\.$#',
 	'count' => 1,
 	'path' => __DIR__ . '/system/Throttle/Throttler.php',
 ];
+$ignoreErrors[] = [
+	'message' => '#^Construct empty\\(\\) is not allowed\\. Use more strict comparison\\.$#',
+	'count' => 1,
+	'path' => __DIR__ . '/system/Validation/CreditCardRules.php',
+];
+$ignoreErrors[] = [
+	'message' => '#^Construct empty\\(\\) is not allowed\\. Use more strict comparison\\.$#',
+	'count' => 1,
+	'path' => __DIR__ . '/system/Validation/DotArrayFilter.php',
+];
+$ignoreErrors[] = [
+	'message' => '#^Only booleans are allowed in a negated boolean, array\\|null given\\.$#',
+	'count' => 6,
+	'path' => __DIR__ . '/system/Validation/FileRules.php',
+];
+$ignoreErrors[] = [
+	'message' => '#^Construct empty\\(\\) is not allowed\\. Use more strict comparison\\.$#',
+	'count' => 4,
+	'path' => __DIR__ . '/system/Validation/FormatRules.php',
+];
+$ignoreErrors[] = [
+	'message' => '#^Construct empty\\(\\) is not allowed\\. Use more strict comparison\\.$#',
+	'count' => 11,
+	'path' => __DIR__ . '/system/Validation/Rules.php',
+];
+$ignoreErrors[] = [
+	'message' => '#^Construct empty\\(\\) is not allowed\\. Use more strict comparison\\.$#',
+	'count' => 4,
+	'path' => __DIR__ . '/system/Validation/StrictRules/Rules.php',
+];
+$ignoreErrors[] = [
+	'message' => '#^Construct empty\\(\\) is not allowed\\. Use more strict comparison\\.$#',
+	'count' => 5,
+	'path' => __DIR__ . '/system/Validation/Validation.php',
+];
 $ignoreErrors[] = [
 	'message' => '#^Method CodeIgniter\\\\Validation\\\\Validation\\:\\:isClosure\\(\\) has parameter \\$rule with no signature specified for Closure\\.$#',
 	'count' => 1,
 	'path' => __DIR__ . '/system/Validation/Validation.php',
 ];
+$ignoreErrors[] = [
+	'message' => '#^Short ternary operator is not allowed\\. Use null coalesce operator if applicable or consider using long ternary\\.$#',
+	'count' => 2,
+	'path' => __DIR__ . '/system/Validation/Validation.php',
+];
+$ignoreErrors[] = [
+	'message' => '#^Construct empty\\(\\) is not allowed\\. Use more strict comparison\\.$#',
+	'count' => 1,
+	'path' => __DIR__ . '/system/Validation/Views/list.php',
+];
 $ignoreErrors[] = [
 	'message' => '#^Call to an undefined static method CodeIgniter\\\\Config\\\\Factories\\:\\:cells\\(\\)\\.$#',
 	'count' => 1,
 	'path' => __DIR__ . '/system/View/Cell.php',
 ];
+$ignoreErrors[] = [
+	'message' => '#^Construct empty\\(\\) is not allowed\\. Use more strict comparison\\.$#',
+	'count' => 8,
+	'path' => __DIR__ . '/system/View/Cell.php',
+];
 $ignoreErrors[] = [
 	'message' => '#^Property CodeIgniter\\\\View\\\\Cell\\:\\:\\$cache \\(CodeIgniter\\\\Cache\\\\CacheInterface\\) in empty\\(\\) is not falsy\\.$#',
 	'count' => 2,
 	'path' => __DIR__ . '/system/View/Cell.php',
 ];
 $ignoreErrors[] = [
-	'message' => '#^Method CodeIgniter\\\\View\\\\Parser\\:\\:addPlugin\\(\\) has parameter \\$callback with no signature specified for callable\\.$#',
+	'message' => '#^Construct empty\\(\\) is not allowed\\. Use more strict comparison\\.$#',
 	'count' => 1,
+	'path' => __DIR__ . '/system/View/Filters.php',
+];
+$ignoreErrors[] = [
+	'message' => '#^Construct empty\\(\\) is not allowed\\. Use more strict comparison\\.$#',
+	'count' => 9,
 	'path' => __DIR__ . '/system/View/Parser.php',
 ];
 $ignoreErrors[] = [
-	'message' => '#^Property Config\\\\View\\:\\:\\$plugins \\(array\\) on left side of \\?\\? is not nullable\\.$#',
+	'message' => '#^Method CodeIgniter\\\\View\\\\Parser\\:\\:addPlugin\\(\\) has parameter \\$callback with no signature specified for callable\\.$#',
 	'count' => 1,
 	'path' => __DIR__ . '/system/View/Parser.php',
 ];
+$ignoreErrors[] = [
+	'message' => '#^Construct empty\\(\\) is not allowed\\. Use more strict comparison\\.$#',
+	'count' => 1,
+	'path' => __DIR__ . '/system/View/Plugins.php',
+];
+$ignoreErrors[] = [
+	'message' => '#^Construct empty\\(\\) is not allowed\\. Use more strict comparison\\.$#',
+	'count' => 9,
+	'path' => __DIR__ . '/system/View/Table.php',
+];
+$ignoreErrors[] = [
+	'message' => '#^Only booleans are allowed in a ternary operator condition, float given\\.$#',
+	'count' => 1,
+	'path' => __DIR__ . '/system/View/Table.php',
+];
+$ignoreErrors[] = [
+	'message' => '#^Only booleans are allowed in an if condition, string\\|null given\\.$#',
+	'count' => 1,
+	'path' => __DIR__ . '/system/View/Table.php',
+];
 $ignoreErrors[] = [
 	'message' => '#^Property CodeIgniter\\\\View\\\\Table\\:\\:\\$function type has no signature specified for callable\\.$#',
 	'count' => 1,
 	'path' => __DIR__ . '/system/View/Table.php',
 ];
+$ignoreErrors[] = [
+	'message' => '#^Construct empty\\(\\) is not allowed\\. Use more strict comparison\\.$#',
+	'count' => 3,
+	'path' => __DIR__ . '/system/View/View.php',
+];
+$ignoreErrors[] = [
+	'message' => '#^Parameter \\#2 \\$context \\(\'attr\'\\|\'css\'\\|\'html\'\\|\'js\'\\|\'raw\'\\|\'url\'\\|null\\) of method CodeIgniter\\\\View\\\\View\\:\\:setData\\(\\) should be contravariant with parameter \\$context \\(string\\|null\\) of method CodeIgniter\\\\View\\\\RendererInterface\\:\\:setData\\(\\)$#',
+	'count' => 1,
+	'path' => __DIR__ . '/system/View/View.php',
+];
+$ignoreErrors[] = [
+	'message' => '#^Parameter \\#3 \\$context \\(\'attr\'\\|\'css\'\\|\'html\'\\|\'js\'\\|\'raw\'\\|\'url\'\\|null\\) of method CodeIgniter\\\\View\\\\View\\:\\:setVar\\(\\) should be contravariant with parameter \\$context \\(string\\|null\\) of method CodeIgniter\\\\View\\\\RendererInterface\\:\\:setVar\\(\\)$#',
+	'count' => 1,
+	'path' => __DIR__ . '/system/View/View.php',
+];
+$ignoreErrors[] = [
+	'message' => '#^Short ternary operator is not allowed\\. Use null coalesce operator if applicable or consider using long ternary\\.$#',
+	'count' => 2,
+	'path' => __DIR__ . '/system/View/View.php',
+];
+$ignoreErrors[] = [
+	'message' => '#^Parameter \\#1 \\$node \\(PhpParser\\\\Node\\\\Stmt\\) of method Utils\\\\PHPStan\\\\CheckUseStatementsAfterLicenseRule\\:\\:processNode\\(\\) should be contravariant with parameter \\$node \\(PhpParser\\\\Node\\) of method PHPStan\\\\Rules\\\\Rule\\<PhpParser\\\\Node\\>\\:\\:processNode\\(\\)$#',
+	'count' => 1,
+	'path' => __DIR__ . '/utils/PHPStan/CheckUseStatementsAfterLicenseRule.php',
+];
 
 return ['parameters' => ['ignoreErrors' => $ignoreErrors]];
diff --git a/phpstan.neon.dist b/phpstan.neon.dist
index 671b0133aaea..eb85c8131723 100644
--- a/phpstan.neon.dist
+++ b/phpstan.neon.dist
@@ -3,10 +3,6 @@ services:
 		class: Utils\PHPStan\CheckUseStatementsAfterLicenseRule
 		tags:
 			- phpstan.rules.rule
-	-
-		class: Utils\PHPStan\CheckFrameworkExceptionInstantiationViaNamedConstructorRule
-		tags:
-			- phpstan.rules.rule
 
 includes:
 	- phpstan-baseline.php
@@ -25,7 +21,6 @@ parameters:
 		- app/Views/errors/cli/*
 		- app/Views/errors/html/*
 		- system/Commands/Generators/Views/*
-		- system/Config/Routes.php
 		- system/Debug/Toolbar/Views/toolbar.tpl.php
 		- system/Images/Handlers/GDHandler.php
 		- system/Test/Filters/CITestStreamFilter.php
@@ -33,11 +28,18 @@ parameters:
 		- system/Validation/Views/single.php
 	scanDirectories:
 		- system/Helpers
-	dynamicConstantNames:
-		- APP_NAMESPACE
-		- CI_DEBUG
-		- ENVIRONMENT
 	checkMissingIterableValueType: false
 	checkGenericClassInNonGenericObjectType: false
 	checkMissingCallableSignature: true
 	treatPhpDocTypesAsCertain: false
+	strictRules:
+		allRules: false
+		disallowedLooseComparison: true
+		booleansInConditions: true
+		disallowedConstructs: true
+		matchingInheritedMethodNames: true
+	ignoreErrors:
+		- '#^Call to function config with Config\\.+\:\:class is discouraged\.$#'
+	codeigniter:
+		additionalConfigNamespaces:
+			- CodeIgniter\Config\
diff --git a/psalm-baseline.xml b/psalm-baseline.xml
index 3ede420d002c..379314e5093a 100644
--- a/psalm-baseline.xml
+++ b/psalm-baseline.xml
@@ -1,5 +1,15 @@
 <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
-<files psalm-version="5.13.1@086b94371304750d1c673315321a55d15fc59015">
+<files psalm-version="5.15.0@5c774aca4746caf3d239d9c8cadb9f882ca29352">
+  <file src="app/Config/View.php">
+    <UndefinedDocblockClass>
+      <code><![CDATA[array<string, ParserCallableString>]]></code>
+      <code><![CDATA[array<string, array<ParserCallableString>|ParserCallableString|ParserCallable>]]></code>
+      <code><![CDATA[array<string, array<ParserCallableString>|ParserCallableString|ParserCallable>]]></code>
+      <code>public $filters = [];</code>
+      <code>public $plugins = [];</code>
+      <code>public $plugins = [];</code>
+    </UndefinedDocblockClass>
+  </file>
   <file src="system/Cache/FactoriesCache/FileVarExportHandler.php">
     <UndefinedVariable>
       <code>$val</code>
@@ -27,6 +37,60 @@
       <code>$routeWithoutController</code>
     </DuplicateArrayKey>
   </file>
+  <file src="system/Config/View.php">
+    <UndefinedDocblockClass>
+      <code><![CDATA[array<string, ParserCallableString>]]></code>
+      <code><![CDATA[array<string, array<ParserCallableString>|ParserCallableString|ParserCallable>]]></code>
+      <code><![CDATA[array<string, array<ParserCallableString>|ParserCallableString|ParserCallable>]]></code>
+      <code><![CDATA[protected $coreFilters = [
+        'abs'            => '\abs',
+        'capitalize'     => '\CodeIgniter\View\Filters::capitalize',
+        'date'           => '\CodeIgniter\View\Filters::date',
+        'date_modify'    => '\CodeIgniter\View\Filters::date_modify',
+        'default'        => '\CodeIgniter\View\Filters::default',
+        'esc'            => '\CodeIgniter\View\Filters::esc',
+        'excerpt'        => '\CodeIgniter\View\Filters::excerpt',
+        'highlight'      => '\CodeIgniter\View\Filters::highlight',
+        'highlight_code' => '\CodeIgniter\View\Filters::highlight_code',
+        'limit_words'    => '\CodeIgniter\View\Filters::limit_words',
+        'limit_chars'    => '\CodeIgniter\View\Filters::limit_chars',
+        'local_currency' => '\CodeIgniter\View\Filters::local_currency',
+        'local_number'   => '\CodeIgniter\View\Filters::local_number',
+        'lower'          => '\strtolower',
+        'nl2br'          => '\CodeIgniter\View\Filters::nl2br',
+        'number_format'  => '\number_format',
+        'prose'          => '\CodeIgniter\View\Filters::prose',
+        'round'          => '\CodeIgniter\View\Filters::round',
+        'strip_tags'     => '\strip_tags',
+        'title'          => '\CodeIgniter\View\Filters::title',
+        'upper'          => '\strtoupper',
+    ];]]></code>
+      <code><![CDATA[protected $corePlugins = [
+        'csp_script_nonce'  => '\CodeIgniter\View\Plugins::cspScriptNonce',
+        'csp_style_nonce'   => '\CodeIgniter\View\Plugins::cspStyleNonce',
+        'current_url'       => '\CodeIgniter\View\Plugins::currentURL',
+        'previous_url'      => '\CodeIgniter\View\Plugins::previousURL',
+        'mailto'            => '\CodeIgniter\View\Plugins::mailto',
+        'safe_mailto'       => '\CodeIgniter\View\Plugins::safeMailto',
+        'lang'              => '\CodeIgniter\View\Plugins::lang',
+        'validation_errors' => '\CodeIgniter\View\Plugins::validationErrors',
+        'route'             => '\CodeIgniter\View\Plugins::route',
+        'siteURL'           => '\CodeIgniter\View\Plugins::siteURL',
+    ];]]></code>
+      <code><![CDATA[protected $corePlugins = [
+        'csp_script_nonce'  => '\CodeIgniter\View\Plugins::cspScriptNonce',
+        'csp_style_nonce'   => '\CodeIgniter\View\Plugins::cspStyleNonce',
+        'current_url'       => '\CodeIgniter\View\Plugins::currentURL',
+        'previous_url'      => '\CodeIgniter\View\Plugins::previousURL',
+        'mailto'            => '\CodeIgniter\View\Plugins::mailto',
+        'safe_mailto'       => '\CodeIgniter\View\Plugins::safeMailto',
+        'lang'              => '\CodeIgniter\View\Plugins::lang',
+        'validation_errors' => '\CodeIgniter\View\Plugins::validationErrors',
+        'route'             => '\CodeIgniter\View\Plugins::route',
+        'siteURL'           => '\CodeIgniter\View\Plugins::siteURL',
+    ];]]></code>
+    </UndefinedDocblockClass>
+  </file>
   <file src="system/Database/BasePreparedQuery.php">
     <InaccessibleProperty>
       <code><![CDATA[$this->db->transStatus]]></code>
@@ -78,6 +142,14 @@
       <code><![CDATA[$this->dom = &$this->domParser]]></code>
     </UnsupportedPropertyReferenceUsage>
   </file>
+  <file src="system/View/Parser.php">
+    <UndefinedDocblockClass>
+      <code><![CDATA[array<string, array<ParserCallableString>|ParserCallableString|ParserCallable>]]></code>
+      <code><![CDATA[array<string, array<ParserCallableString>|ParserCallableString|ParserCallable>]]></code>
+      <code>protected $plugins = [];</code>
+      <code>protected $plugins = [];</code>
+    </UndefinedDocblockClass>
+  </file>
   <file src="tests/_support/Config/Filters.php">
     <UndefinedGlobalVariable>
       <code>$filters</code>
diff --git a/rector.php b/rector.php
index fc00f27e0c4e..89b92f15e58d 100644
--- a/rector.php
+++ b/rector.php
@@ -35,13 +35,13 @@
 use Rector\EarlyReturn\Rector\Return_\PreparedValueToEarlyReturnRector;
 use Rector\Php55\Rector\String_\StringClassNameToClassConstantRector;
 use Rector\Php70\Rector\FuncCall\RandomFunctionRector;
-use Rector\Php71\Rector\FuncCall\CountOnNullRector;
 use Rector\Php73\Rector\FuncCall\JsonThrowOnErrorRector;
-use Rector\Php73\Rector\FuncCall\StringifyStrNeedlesRector;
+use Rector\PHPUnit\CodeQuality\Rector\Class_\YieldDataProviderRector;
 use Rector\PHPUnit\Set\PHPUnitSetList;
 use Rector\Privatization\Rector\Property\PrivatizeFinalClassPropertyRector;
 use Rector\Set\ValueObject\LevelSetList;
 use Rector\Set\ValueObject\SetList;
+use Rector\Strict\Rector\If_\BooleanInIfConditionRuleFixerRector;
 use Utils\Rector\PassStrictParameterToFunctionParameterRector;
 use Utils\Rector\RemoveErrorSuppressInTryCatchStmtsRector;
 use Utils\Rector\RemoveVarTagFromClassConstantRector;
@@ -51,12 +51,11 @@
     $rectorConfig->sets([
         SetList::DEAD_CODE,
         LevelSetList::UP_TO_PHP_74,
-        PHPUnitSetList::PHPUNIT_SPECIFIC_METHOD,
-        PHPUnitSetList::PHPUNIT_80,
-        PHPUnitSetList::REMOVE_MOCKS,
+        PHPUnitSetList::PHPUNIT_CODE_QUALITY,
+        PHPUnitSetList::PHPUNIT_100,
     ]);
 
-    $rectorConfig->parallel(240, 8, 1);
+    $rectorConfig->parallel();
 
     // paths to refactor; solid alternative to CLI arguments
     $rectorConfig->paths([__DIR__ . '/app', __DIR__ . '/system', __DIR__ . '/tests', __DIR__ . '/utils']);
@@ -66,7 +65,11 @@
         __DIR__ . '/system/Test/bootstrap.php',
     ]);
 
-    $rectorConfig->phpstanConfig(__DIR__ . '/phpstan.neon.dist');
+    $rectorConfig->phpstanConfigs([
+        __DIR__ . '/phpstan.neon.dist',
+        __DIR__ . '/vendor/codeigniter/phpstan-codeigniter/extension.neon',
+        __DIR__ . '/vendor/phpstan/phpstan-strict-rules/rules.neon',
+    ]);
 
     // is there a file you need to skip?
     $rectorConfig->skip([
@@ -76,7 +79,7 @@
         __DIR__ . '/tests/system/Filters/fixtures',
         __DIR__ . '/tests/_support',
         JsonThrowOnErrorRector::class,
-        StringifyStrNeedlesRector::class,
+        YieldDataProviderRector::class,
 
         RemoveUnusedPrivateMethodRector::class => [
             // private method called via getPrivateMethodInvoker
@@ -102,9 +105,6 @@
             __DIR__ . '/system/Session/Handlers',
         ],
 
-        // sometime too detail
-        CountOnNullRector::class,
-
         // use mt_rand instead of random_int on purpose on non-cryptographically random
         RandomFunctionRector::class,
 
@@ -113,6 +113,7 @@
 
     // auto import fully qualified class names
     $rectorConfig->importNames();
+    $rectorConfig->removeUnusedImports();
 
     $rectorConfig->rule(UnderscoreToCamelCaseVariableNameRector::class);
     $rectorConfig->rule(SimplifyUselessVariableRector::class);
@@ -140,4 +141,5 @@
     $rectorConfig->rule(StringClassNameToClassConstantRector::class);
     $rectorConfig->rule(PrivatizeFinalClassPropertyRector::class);
     $rectorConfig->rule(CompleteDynamicPropertiesRector::class);
+    $rectorConfig->rule(BooleanInIfConditionRuleFixerRector::class);
 };
diff --git a/system/Autoloader/Autoloader.php b/system/Autoloader/Autoloader.php
index d5c155685e12..ecfd92b5ef8b 100644
--- a/system/Autoloader/Autoloader.php
+++ b/system/Autoloader/Autoloader.php
@@ -53,6 +53,8 @@
  *      // register the autoloader
  *      $loader->register();
  * ```
+ *
+ * @see \CodeIgniter\Autoloader\AutoloaderTest
  */
 class Autoloader
 {
@@ -122,17 +124,21 @@ public function initialize(Autoload $config, Modules $modules)
         }
 
         if (is_file(COMPOSER_PATH)) {
-            $this->loadComposerInfo($modules);
+            $this->loadComposerAutoloader($modules);
         }
 
         return $this;
     }
 
-    private function loadComposerInfo(Modules $modules): void
+    private function loadComposerAutoloader(Modules $modules): void
     {
-        /**
-         * @var ClassLoader $composer
-         */
+        // The path to the vendor directory.
+        // We do not want to enforce this, so set the constant if Composer was used.
+        if (! defined('VENDORPATH')) {
+            define('VENDORPATH', dirname(COMPOSER_PATH) . DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR);
+        }
+
+        /** @var ClassLoader $composer */
         $composer = include COMPOSER_PATH;
 
         $this->loadComposerClassmap($composer);
diff --git a/system/Autoloader/FileLocator.php b/system/Autoloader/FileLocator.php
index a4f7c67677d0..744567a3bcc0 100644
--- a/system/Autoloader/FileLocator.php
+++ b/system/Autoloader/FileLocator.php
@@ -14,6 +14,8 @@
 /**
  * Allows loading non-class files in a namespaced manner.
  * Works with Helpers, Views, etc.
+ *
+ * @see \CodeIgniter\Autoloader\FileLocatorTest
  */
 class FileLocator
 {
@@ -203,7 +205,7 @@ public function search(string $path, string $ext = 'php', bool $prioritizeApp =
      */
     protected function ensureExt(string $path, string $ext): string
     {
-        if ($ext) {
+        if ($ext !== '') {
             $ext = '.' . $ext;
 
             if (substr($path, -strlen($ext)) !== $ext) {
diff --git a/system/BaseModel.php b/system/BaseModel.php
index 43dcf1c5abe4..c27afd027423 100644
--- a/system/BaseModel.php
+++ b/system/BaseModel.php
@@ -1194,7 +1194,7 @@ public function paginate(?int $perPage = null, string $group = 'default', ?int $
         // Since multiple models may use the Pager, the Pager must be shared.
         $pager = Services::pager();
 
-        if ($segment) {
+        if ($segment !== 0) {
             $pager->setSegment($segment, $group);
         }
 
@@ -1439,8 +1439,8 @@ public function setValidationRule(string $field, $fieldRules)
         if (is_string($rules)) {
             [$rules, $customErrors] = $this->validation->loadRuleGroup($rules);
 
-            $this->validationRules    = $rules;
-            $this->validationMessages = $this->validationMessages + $customErrors;
+            $this->validationRules = $rules;
+            $this->validationMessages += $customErrors;
         }
 
         $this->validationRules[$field] = $fieldRules;
@@ -1510,7 +1510,7 @@ public function getValidationRules(array $options = []): array
         if (is_string($rules)) {
             [$rules, $customErrors] = $this->validation->loadRuleGroup($rules);
 
-            $this->validationMessages = $this->validationMessages + $customErrors;
+            $this->validationMessages += $customErrors;
         }
 
         if (isset($options['except'])) {
@@ -1656,8 +1656,10 @@ protected function objectToArray($data, bool $onlyChanged = true, bool $recursiv
     {
         $properties = $this->objectToRawArray($data, $onlyChanged, $recursive);
 
+        assert(is_array($properties));
+
         // Convert any Time instances to appropriate $dateFormat
-        if ($properties) {
+        if ($properties !== []) {
             $properties = array_map(function ($value) {
                 if ($value instanceof Time) {
                     return $this->timeToDate($value);
diff --git a/system/CLI/CLI.php b/system/CLI/CLI.php
index 112a662d35ac..50a846a25e05 100644
--- a/system/CLI/CLI.php
+++ b/system/CLI/CLI.php
@@ -33,6 +33,8 @@
  * The wait() method is mostly testable, as long as you don't give it
  * an argument of "0".
  * These have been flagged to ignore for code coverage purposes.
+ *
+ * @see \CodeIgniter\CLI\CLITest
  */
 class CLI
 {
@@ -40,6 +42,9 @@ class CLI
      * Is the readline library on the system?
      *
      * @var bool
+     *
+     * @deprecated 4.4.2 Should be protected.
+     * @TODO Fix to camelCase in the next major version.
      */
     public static $readline_support = false;
 
@@ -47,6 +52,9 @@ class CLI
      * The message displayed at prompts.
      *
      * @var string
+     *
+     * @deprecated 4.4.2 Should be protected.
+     * @TODO Fix to camelCase in the next major version.
      */
     public static $wait_msg = 'Press any key to continue...';
 
@@ -61,6 +69,8 @@ class CLI
      * Foreground color list
      *
      * @var array<string, string>
+     *
+     * @TODO Fix to camelCase in the next major version.
      */
     protected static $foreground_colors = [
         'black'        => '0;30',
@@ -86,6 +96,8 @@ class CLI
      * Background color list
      *
      * @var array<string, string>
+     *
+     * @TODO Fix to camelCase in the next major version.
      */
     protected static $background_colors = [
         'black'      => '40',
@@ -177,7 +189,7 @@ public static function init()
      * Named options must be in the following formats:
      * php index.php user -v --v -name=John --name=John
      *
-     * @param string $prefix You may specify a string with which to prompt the user.
+     * @param string|null $prefix You may specify a string with which to prompt the user.
      */
     public static function input(?string $prefix = null): string
     {
@@ -208,9 +220,9 @@ public static function input(?string $prefix = null): string
      * // Do not provide options but requires a valid email
      * $email = CLI::prompt('What is your email?', null, 'required|valid_email');
      *
-     * @param string       $field      Output "field" question
-     * @param array|string $options    String to a default value, array to a list of options (the first option will be the default value)
-     * @param array|string $validation Validation rules
+     * @param string            $field      Output "field" question
+     * @param array|string      $options    String to a default value, array to a list of options (the first option will be the default value)
+     * @param array|string|null $validation Validation rules
      *
      * @return string The user input
      *
@@ -255,8 +267,8 @@ public static function prompt(string $field, $options = null, $validation = null
         // Read the input from keyboard.
         $input = trim(static::input()) ?: $default;
 
-        if ($validation) {
-            while (! static::validate(trim($field), $input, $validation)) {
+        if ($validation !== []) {
+            while (! static::validate('"' . trim($field) . '"', $input, $validation)) {
                 $input = static::prompt($field, $options, $validation);
             }
         }
@@ -446,7 +458,7 @@ public static function print(string $text = '', ?string $foreground = null, ?str
     }
 
     /**
-     * Outputs a string to the cli on it's own line.
+     * Outputs a string to the cli on its own line.
      *
      * @return void
      */
@@ -572,10 +584,10 @@ public static function clearScreen()
      * Returns the given text with the correct color codes for a foreground and
      * optionally a background color.
      *
-     * @param string $text       The text to color
-     * @param string $foreground The foreground color
-     * @param string $background The background color
-     * @param string $format     Other formatting to apply. Currently only 'underline' is understood
+     * @param string      $text       The text to color
+     * @param string      $foreground The foreground color
+     * @param string|null $background The background color
+     * @param string|null $format     Other formatting to apply. Currently only 'underline' is understood
      *
      * @return string The color coded string
      */
@@ -832,7 +844,7 @@ public static function showProgress($thisStep = 1, int $totalSteps = 10)
      * width.
      *
      * If an int is passed into $pad_left, then all strings after the first
-     * will padded with that many spaces to the left. Useful when printing
+     * will pad with that many spaces to the left. Useful when printing
      * short descriptions that need to start on an existing line.
      */
     public static function wrap(?string $string = null, int $max = 0, int $padLeft = 0): string
@@ -849,7 +861,7 @@ public static function wrap(?string $string = null, int $max = 0, int $padLeft =
             $max = self::getWidth();
         }
 
-        $max = $max - $padLeft;
+        $max -= $padLeft;
 
         $lines = wordwrap($string, $max, PHP_EOL);
 
@@ -1076,8 +1088,8 @@ public static function table(array $tbody, array $thead = [])
             foreach ($tableRows[$row] as $col) {
                 $diff = $maxColsLengths[$column] - static::strlen($col);
 
-                if ($diff) {
-                    $tableRows[$row][$column] = $tableRows[$row][$column] . str_repeat(' ', $diff);
+                if ($diff !== 0) {
+                    $tableRows[$row][$column] .= str_repeat(' ', $diff);
                 }
 
                 $column++;
diff --git a/system/CLI/Commands.php b/system/CLI/Commands.php
index df28e533a354..1de0df2791d6 100644
--- a/system/CLI/Commands.php
+++ b/system/CLI/Commands.php
@@ -146,7 +146,8 @@ public function verifyCommand(string $command, array $commands): bool
 
         $message = lang('CLI.commandNotFound', [$command]);
 
-        if ($alternatives = $this->getCommandAlternatives($command, $commands)) {
+        $alternatives = $this->getCommandAlternatives($command, $commands);
+        if ($alternatives !== []) {
             if (count($alternatives) === 1) {
                 $message .= "\n\n" . lang('CLI.altCommandSingular') . "\n    ";
             } else {
diff --git a/system/CLI/Console.php b/system/CLI/Console.php
index 01c15eea3fad..adcf9aaeca8b 100644
--- a/system/CLI/Console.php
+++ b/system/CLI/Console.php
@@ -12,11 +12,14 @@
 namespace CodeIgniter\CLI;
 
 use CodeIgniter\CodeIgniter;
+use Config\App;
 use Config\Services;
 use Exception;
 
 /**
  * Console
+ *
+ * @see \CodeIgniter\CLI\ConsoleTest
  */
 class Console
 {
@@ -29,6 +32,12 @@ class Console
      */
     public function run()
     {
+        // Create CLIRequest
+        $appConfig = config(App::class);
+        Services::createRequest($appConfig, true);
+        // Load Routes
+        Services::routes()->loadRoutes();
+
         $runner  = Services::commands();
         $params  = array_merge(CLI::getSegments(), CLI::getOptions());
         $params  = $this->parseParamsForHelpOption($params);
diff --git a/system/Cache/CacheFactory.php b/system/Cache/CacheFactory.php
index 0810653b7318..95e07ef813c8 100644
--- a/system/Cache/CacheFactory.php
+++ b/system/Cache/CacheFactory.php
@@ -18,6 +18,8 @@
 
 /**
  * A factory for loading the desired
+ *
+ * @see \CodeIgniter\Cache\CacheFactoryTest
  */
 class CacheFactory
 {
diff --git a/system/Cache/Handlers/BaseHandler.php b/system/Cache/Handlers/BaseHandler.php
index 74a4482cd4d9..c12b330bc469 100644
--- a/system/Cache/Handlers/BaseHandler.php
+++ b/system/Cache/Handlers/BaseHandler.php
@@ -19,6 +19,8 @@
 
 /**
  * Base class for cache handling
+ *
+ * @see \CodeIgniter\Cache\Handlers\BaseHandlerTest
  */
 abstract class BaseHandler implements CacheInterface
 {
diff --git a/system/Cache/Handlers/DummyHandler.php b/system/Cache/Handlers/DummyHandler.php
index 4349db4f39a5..d2d4fb068bba 100644
--- a/system/Cache/Handlers/DummyHandler.php
+++ b/system/Cache/Handlers/DummyHandler.php
@@ -15,6 +15,8 @@
 
 /**
  * Dummy cache handler
+ *
+ * @see \CodeIgniter\Cache\Handlers\DummyHandlerTest
  */
 class DummyHandler extends BaseHandler
 {
diff --git a/system/Cache/Handlers/FileHandler.php b/system/Cache/Handlers/FileHandler.php
index aea0a605c47f..e22543d27891 100644
--- a/system/Cache/Handlers/FileHandler.php
+++ b/system/Cache/Handlers/FileHandler.php
@@ -18,6 +18,8 @@
 
 /**
  * File system cache handler
+ *
+ * @see \CodeIgniter\Cache\Handlers\FileHandlerTest
  */
 class FileHandler extends BaseHandler
 {
diff --git a/system/Cache/Handlers/MemcachedHandler.php b/system/Cache/Handlers/MemcachedHandler.php
index a998ad30386f..e8658906392a 100644
--- a/system/Cache/Handlers/MemcachedHandler.php
+++ b/system/Cache/Handlers/MemcachedHandler.php
@@ -20,6 +20,8 @@
 
 /**
  * Mamcached cache handler
+ *
+ * @see \CodeIgniter\Cache\Handlers\MemcachedHandlerTest
  */
 class MemcachedHandler extends BaseHandler
 {
diff --git a/system/Cache/Handlers/PredisHandler.php b/system/Cache/Handlers/PredisHandler.php
index e549a7422c91..986d083ebc69 100644
--- a/system/Cache/Handlers/PredisHandler.php
+++ b/system/Cache/Handlers/PredisHandler.php
@@ -20,6 +20,8 @@
 
 /**
  * Predis cache handler
+ *
+ * @see \CodeIgniter\Cache\Handlers\PredisHandlerTest
  */
 class PredisHandler extends BaseHandler
 {
@@ -131,7 +133,7 @@ public function save(string $key, $value, int $ttl = 60)
             return false;
         }
 
-        if ($ttl) {
+        if ($ttl !== 0) {
             $this->redis->expireat($key, Time::now()->getTimestamp() + $ttl);
         }
 
diff --git a/system/Cache/Handlers/RedisHandler.php b/system/Cache/Handlers/RedisHandler.php
index d86d9f980d41..42b44cd98a96 100644
--- a/system/Cache/Handlers/RedisHandler.php
+++ b/system/Cache/Handlers/RedisHandler.php
@@ -19,6 +19,8 @@
 
 /**
  * Redis cache handler
+ *
+ * @see \CodeIgniter\Cache\Handlers\RedisHandlerTest
  */
 class RedisHandler extends BaseHandler
 {
@@ -157,7 +159,7 @@ public function save(string $key, $value, int $ttl = 60)
             return false;
         }
 
-        if ($ttl) {
+        if ($ttl !== 0) {
             $this->redis->expireAt($key, Time::now()->getTimestamp() + $ttl);
         }
 
diff --git a/system/Cache/ResponseCache.php b/system/Cache/ResponseCache.php
index 44da42947633..3f66284a6cf5 100644
--- a/system/Cache/ResponseCache.php
+++ b/system/Cache/ResponseCache.php
@@ -19,6 +19,8 @@
 
 /**
  * Web Page Caching
+ *
+ * @see \CodeIgniter\Cache\ResponseCacheTest
  */
 final class ResponseCache
 {
diff --git a/system/CodeIgniter.php b/system/CodeIgniter.php
index 6ef3ab8261b2..09fc6a1f689f 100644
--- a/system/CodeIgniter.php
+++ b/system/CodeIgniter.php
@@ -46,13 +46,15 @@
  * This class is the core of the framework, and will analyse the
  * request, route it to a controller, and send back the response.
  * Of course, there are variations to that flow, but this is the brains.
+ *
+ * @see \CodeIgniter\CodeIgniterTest
  */
 class CodeIgniter
 {
     /**
      * The current version of CodeIgniter Framework
      */
-    public const CI_VERSION = '4.4.1';
+    public const CI_VERSION = '4.4.2';
 
     /**
      * App startup time.
@@ -196,6 +198,8 @@ public function __construct(App $config)
 
     /**
      * Handles some basic app and environment setup.
+     *
+     * @return void
      */
     public function initialize()
     {
@@ -222,6 +226,8 @@ public function initialize()
     /**
      * Checks system for missing required PHP extensions.
      *
+     * @return void
+     *
      * @throws FrameworkException
      *
      * @codeCoverageIgnore
@@ -249,6 +255,8 @@ protected function resolvePlatformExtensions()
 
     /**
      * Initializes Kint
+     *
+     * @return void
      */
     protected function initializeKint()
     {
@@ -326,7 +334,7 @@ private function configureKint(): void
      * This is "the loop" if you will. The main entry point into the script
      * that gets the required class instances, fires off the filters,
      * tries to route the response, loads the controller and generally
-     * makes all of the pieces work together.
+     * makes all the pieces work together.
      *
      * @return ResponseInterface|void
      */
@@ -562,6 +570,8 @@ protected function handleRequest(?RouteCollectionInterface $routes, Cache $cache
      *
      * @codeCoverageIgnore
      *
+     * @return void
+     *
      * @deprecated 4.4.0 No longer used. Moved to index.php and spark.
      */
     protected function detectEnvironment()
@@ -577,6 +587,8 @@ protected function detectEnvironment()
      *
      * If no boot file exists, we shouldn't continue because something
      * is wrong. At the very least, they should have error reporting setup.
+     *
+     * @return void
      */
     protected function bootstrapEnvironment()
     {
@@ -597,6 +609,8 @@ protected function bootstrapEnvironment()
      *
      * The timer is used to display total script execution both in the
      * debug toolbar, and potentially on the displayed page.
+     *
+     * @return void
      */
     protected function startBenchmark()
     {
@@ -626,6 +640,8 @@ public function setRequest($request)
 
     /**
      * Get our Request object, (either IncomingRequest or CLIRequest).
+     *
+     * @return void
      */
     protected function getRequestObject()
     {
@@ -645,6 +661,8 @@ protected function getRequestObject()
     /**
      * Get our Response object, and set some default values, including
      * the HTTP protocol version and a default successful response.
+     *
+     * @return void
      */
     protected function getResponseObject()
     {
@@ -667,6 +685,8 @@ protected function getResponseObject()
      *
      * @param int $duration How long the Strict Transport Security
      *                      should be enforced for this URL.
+     *
+     * @return void
      */
     protected function forceSecureAccess($duration = 31_536_000)
     {
@@ -683,10 +703,13 @@ protected function forceSecureAccess($duration = 31_536_000)
      * @return false|ResponseInterface
      *
      * @throws Exception
+     *
+     * @deprecated 4.4.2 The parameter $config is deprecated. No longer used.
      */
     public function displayCache(Cache $config)
     {
-        if ($cachedResponse = $this->pageCache->get($this->request, $this->response)) {
+        $cachedResponse = $this->pageCache->get($this->request, $this->response);
+        if ($cachedResponse instanceof ResponseInterface) {
             $this->response = $cachedResponse;
 
             $this->totalTime = $this->benchmark->getElapsedTime('total_execution');
@@ -702,7 +725,7 @@ public function displayCache(Cache $config)
     /**
      * Tells the app that the final output should be cached.
      *
-     * @deprecated 4.4.0 Moved to ResponseCache::setTtl(). to No longer used.
+     * @deprecated 4.4.0 Moved to ResponseCache::setTtl(). No longer used.
      *
      * @return void
      */
@@ -774,7 +797,7 @@ public function displayPerformanceMetrics(string $output): string
      * match a route against the current URI. If the route is a
      * "redirect route", will also handle the redirect.
      *
-     * @param RouteCollectionInterface|null $routes An collection interface to use in place
+     * @param RouteCollectionInterface|null $routes A collection interface to use in place
      *                                              of the config file.
      *
      * @return string|string[]|null Route filters, that is, the filters specified in the routes file
@@ -959,8 +982,7 @@ protected function display404errors(PageNotFoundException $e)
         // Display 404 Errors
         $this->response->setStatusCode($e->getCode());
 
-        echo $this->outputBufferingEnd();
-        flush();
+        $this->outputBufferingEnd();
 
         // Throws new PageNotFoundException and remove exception message on production.
         throw PageNotFoundException::forPageNotFound(
@@ -976,6 +998,8 @@ protected function display404errors(PageNotFoundException $e)
      * @param ResponseInterface|string|null $returned
      *
      * @deprecated $cacheConfig is deprecated.
+     *
+     * @return void
      */
     protected function gatherOutput(?Cache $cacheConfig = null, $returned = null)
     {
@@ -1012,6 +1036,8 @@ protected function gatherOutput(?Cache $cacheConfig = null, $returned = null)
      * This helps provider safer, more reliable previous_url() detection.
      *
      * @param string|URI $uri
+     *
+     * @return void
      */
     public function storePreviousURL($uri)
     {
@@ -1040,19 +1066,21 @@ public function storePreviousURL($uri)
         }
 
         if (isset($_SESSION)) {
-            $_SESSION['_ci_previous_url'] = URI::createURIString(
+            session()->set('_ci_previous_url', URI::createURIString(
                 $uri->getScheme(),
                 $uri->getAuthority(),
                 $uri->getPath(),
                 $uri->getQuery(),
                 $uri->getFragment()
-            );
+            ));
         }
     }
 
     /**
      * Modifies the Request Object to use a different method if a POST
      * variable called _method is found.
+     *
+     * @return void
      */
     public function spoofRequestMethod()
     {
@@ -1094,6 +1122,8 @@ protected function sendResponse()
      * @param int $code
      *
      * @deprecated 4.4.0 No longer Used. Moved to index.php.
+     *
+     * @return void
      */
     protected function callExit($code)
     {
diff --git a/system/Commands/Database/MigrateRollback.php b/system/Commands/Database/MigrateRollback.php
index c29ce84be443..c104a81fd9fa 100644
--- a/system/Commands/Database/MigrateRollback.php
+++ b/system/Commands/Database/MigrateRollback.php
@@ -58,7 +58,6 @@ class MigrateRollback extends BaseCommand
      */
     protected $options = [
         '-b' => 'Specify a batch to roll back to; e.g. "3" to return to batch #3',
-        '-g' => 'Set database group',
         '-f' => 'Force command - this option allows you to bypass the confirmation question when running this command in a production environment',
     ];
 
@@ -79,11 +78,6 @@ public function run(array $params)
         }
 
         $runner = Services::migrations();
-        $group  = $params['g'] ?? CLI::getOption('g');
-
-        if (is_string($group)) {
-            $runner->setGroup($group);
-        }
 
         try {
             $batch = $params['b'] ?? CLI::getOption('b') ?? $runner->getLastBatch() - 1;
diff --git a/system/Commands/Database/MigrateStatus.php b/system/Commands/Database/MigrateStatus.php
index 8b0885a659b1..af3cbacf772c 100644
--- a/system/Commands/Database/MigrateStatus.php
+++ b/system/Commands/Database/MigrateStatus.php
@@ -17,6 +17,8 @@
 
 /**
  * Displays a list of all migrations and whether they've been run or not.
+ *
+ * @see \CodeIgniter\Commands\Database\MigrateStatusTest
  */
 class MigrateStatus extends BaseCommand
 {
diff --git a/system/Commands/Database/ShowTableInfo.php b/system/Commands/Database/ShowTableInfo.php
index 4666a54ca888..07aa60c961ca 100644
--- a/system/Commands/Database/ShowTableInfo.php
+++ b/system/Commands/Database/ShowTableInfo.php
@@ -18,6 +18,8 @@
 
 /**
  * Get table data if it exists in the database.
+ *
+ * @see \CodeIgniter\Commands\Database\ShowTableInfoTest
  */
 class ShowTableInfo extends BaseCommand
 {
diff --git a/system/Commands/Utilities/Namespaces.php b/system/Commands/Utilities/Namespaces.php
index b8193c219572..ef37736c56b8 100644
--- a/system/Commands/Utilities/Namespaces.php
+++ b/system/Commands/Utilities/Namespaces.php
@@ -20,6 +20,8 @@
  * Lists namespaces set in Config\Autoload with their
  * full server path. Helps you to verify that you have
  * the namespaces setup correctly.
+ *
+ * @see \CodeIgniter\Commands\Utilities\NamespacesTest
  */
 class Namespaces extends BaseCommand
 {
diff --git a/system/Commands/Utilities/Routes/AutoRouteCollector.php b/system/Commands/Utilities/Routes/AutoRouteCollector.php
index a2fa46c497e9..ee331332291b 100644
--- a/system/Commands/Utilities/Routes/AutoRouteCollector.php
+++ b/system/Commands/Utilities/Routes/AutoRouteCollector.php
@@ -13,6 +13,8 @@
 
 /**
  * Collects data for auto route listing.
+ *
+ * @see \CodeIgniter\Commands\Utilities\Routes\AutoRouteCollectorTest
  */
 final class AutoRouteCollector
 {
diff --git a/system/Commands/Utilities/Routes/AutoRouterImproved/AutoRouteCollector.php b/system/Commands/Utilities/Routes/AutoRouterImproved/AutoRouteCollector.php
index 2b6096016f7e..0b9089ce2ade 100644
--- a/system/Commands/Utilities/Routes/AutoRouterImproved/AutoRouteCollector.php
+++ b/system/Commands/Utilities/Routes/AutoRouterImproved/AutoRouteCollector.php
@@ -16,6 +16,8 @@
 
 /**
  * Collects data for Auto Routing Improved.
+ *
+ * @see \CodeIgniter\Commands\Utilities\Routes\AutoRouterImproved\AutoRouteCollectorTest
  */
 final class AutoRouteCollector
 {
diff --git a/system/Commands/Utilities/Routes/AutoRouterImproved/ControllerMethodReader.php b/system/Commands/Utilities/Routes/AutoRouterImproved/ControllerMethodReader.php
index c91219c13a8e..a8b6912d4bf7 100644
--- a/system/Commands/Utilities/Routes/AutoRouterImproved/ControllerMethodReader.php
+++ b/system/Commands/Utilities/Routes/AutoRouterImproved/ControllerMethodReader.php
@@ -16,6 +16,8 @@
 
 /**
  * Reads a controller and returns a list of auto route listing.
+ *
+ * @see \CodeIgniter\Commands\Utilities\Routes\AutoRouterImproved\ControllerMethodReaderTest
  */
 final class ControllerMethodReader
 {
@@ -24,6 +26,10 @@ final class ControllerMethodReader
      */
     private string $namespace;
 
+    /**
+     * @var array<int, string>
+     * @phpstan-var list<string>
+     */
     private array $httpMethods;
 
     /**
diff --git a/system/Commands/Utilities/Routes/ControllerFinder.php b/system/Commands/Utilities/Routes/ControllerFinder.php
index e7d828c0fe57..f801d531fa92 100644
--- a/system/Commands/Utilities/Routes/ControllerFinder.php
+++ b/system/Commands/Utilities/Routes/ControllerFinder.php
@@ -16,6 +16,8 @@
 
 /**
  * Finds all controllers in a namespace for auto route listing.
+ *
+ * @see \CodeIgniter\Commands\Utilities\Routes\ControllerFinderTest
  */
 final class ControllerFinder
 {
diff --git a/system/Commands/Utilities/Routes/ControllerMethodReader.php b/system/Commands/Utilities/Routes/ControllerMethodReader.php
index 27bdad046a99..eb0152dec623 100644
--- a/system/Commands/Utilities/Routes/ControllerMethodReader.php
+++ b/system/Commands/Utilities/Routes/ControllerMethodReader.php
@@ -16,6 +16,8 @@
 
 /**
  * Reads a controller and returns a list of auto route listing.
+ *
+ * @see \CodeIgniter\Commands\Utilities\Routes\ControllerMethodReaderTest
  */
 final class ControllerMethodReader
 {
diff --git a/system/Commands/Utilities/Routes/FilterCollector.php b/system/Commands/Utilities/Routes/FilterCollector.php
index 71bbd1b083b3..01d228a41704 100644
--- a/system/Commands/Utilities/Routes/FilterCollector.php
+++ b/system/Commands/Utilities/Routes/FilterCollector.php
@@ -19,6 +19,8 @@
 
 /**
  * Collects filters for a route.
+ *
+ * @see \CodeIgniter\Commands\Utilities\Routes\FilterCollectorTest
  */
 final class FilterCollector
 {
@@ -49,7 +51,7 @@ public function get(string $method, string $uri): array
             ];
         }
 
-        $request = Services::request(null, false);
+        $request = Services::incomingrequest(null, false);
         $request->setMethod($method);
 
         $router  = $this->createRouter($request);
diff --git a/system/Commands/Utilities/Routes/FilterFinder.php b/system/Commands/Utilities/Routes/FilterFinder.php
index 0cdea8c42744..2e5da617e795 100644
--- a/system/Commands/Utilities/Routes/FilterFinder.php
+++ b/system/Commands/Utilities/Routes/FilterFinder.php
@@ -20,6 +20,8 @@
 
 /**
  * Finds filters.
+ *
+ * @see \CodeIgniter\Commands\Utilities\Routes\FilterFinderTest
  */
 final class FilterFinder
 {
diff --git a/system/Commands/Utilities/Routes/SampleURIGenerator.php b/system/Commands/Utilities/Routes/SampleURIGenerator.php
index 984e50abd0e2..38b333fd33c2 100644
--- a/system/Commands/Utilities/Routes/SampleURIGenerator.php
+++ b/system/Commands/Utilities/Routes/SampleURIGenerator.php
@@ -16,6 +16,8 @@
 
 /**
  * Generate a sample URI path from route key regex.
+ *
+ * @see \CodeIgniter\Commands\Utilities\Routes\SampleURIGeneratorTest
  */
 final class SampleURIGenerator
 {
diff --git a/system/Common.php b/system/Common.php
index c964e10ea899..ebfd8e2565e8 100644
--- a/system/Common.php
+++ b/system/Common.php
@@ -481,7 +481,7 @@ function force_https(
         int $duration = 31_536_000,
         ?RequestInterface $request = null,
         ?ResponseInterface $response = null
-    ) {
+    ): void {
         $request ??= Services::request();
 
         if (! $request instanceof IncomingRequest) {
@@ -499,7 +499,7 @@ function force_https(
         // If the session status is active, we should regenerate
         // the session ID for safety sake.
         if (ENVIRONMENT !== 'testing' && session_status() === PHP_SESSION_ACTIVE) {
-            Services::session(null, true)->regenerate(); // @codeCoverageIgnore
+            Services::session()->regenerate(); // @codeCoverageIgnore
         }
 
         $baseURL = config(App::class)->baseURL;
@@ -590,7 +590,7 @@ function function_usable(string $functionName): bool
      *
      * @throws FileNotFoundException
      */
-    function helper($filenames)
+    function helper($filenames): void
     {
         static $loaded = [];
 
@@ -1139,6 +1139,8 @@ function stringify_attributes($attributes, bool $js = false): string
      * returns its return value if any.
      * Otherwise will start or stop the timer intelligently.
      *
+     * @phpstan-param (callable(): mixed)|null $callable
+     *
      * @return Timer
      */
     function timer(?string $name = null, ?callable $callable = null)
diff --git a/system/Config/BaseConfig.php b/system/Config/BaseConfig.php
index d2c396dc36ba..87166737e746 100644
--- a/system/Config/BaseConfig.php
+++ b/system/Config/BaseConfig.php
@@ -28,6 +28,7 @@
  * These can be set within the .env file.
  *
  * @phpstan-consistent-constructor
+ * @see \CodeIgniter\Config\BaseConfigTest
  */
 class BaseConfig
 {
diff --git a/system/Config/Config.php b/system/Config/Config.php
index 3008865b29fa..90a6b7cadef5 100644
--- a/system/Config/Config.php
+++ b/system/Config/Config.php
@@ -13,6 +13,7 @@
 
 /**
  * @deprecated Use CodeIgniter\Config\Factories::config()
+ * @see \CodeIgniter\Config\ConfigTest
  */
 class Config
 {
diff --git a/system/Config/DotEnv.php b/system/Config/DotEnv.php
index 0275b5c4b9c3..05ecab900c3e 100644
--- a/system/Config/DotEnv.php
+++ b/system/Config/DotEnv.php
@@ -15,6 +15,8 @@
 
 /**
  * Environment-specific configuration
+ *
+ * @see \CodeIgniter\Config\DotEnvTest
  */
 class DotEnv
 {
diff --git a/system/Config/Factories.php b/system/Config/Factories.php
index 6db25549dca9..8eb68b0d3643 100644
--- a/system/Config/Factories.php
+++ b/system/Config/Factories.php
@@ -26,6 +26,7 @@
  *
  * @method static BaseConfig|null config(...$arguments)
  * @method static Model|null      models(string $alias, array $options = [], ?ConnectionInterface &$conn = null)
+ * @see \CodeIgniter\Config\FactoriesTest
  */
 class Factories
 {
@@ -99,6 +100,8 @@ class Factories
      */
     public static function define(string $component, string $alias, string $classname): void
     {
+        $component = strtolower($component);
+
         if (isset(self::$aliases[$component][$alias])) {
             if (self::$aliases[$component][$alias] === $classname) {
                 return;
@@ -129,12 +132,14 @@ public static function define(string $component, string $alias, string $classnam
      */
     public static function __callStatic(string $component, array $arguments)
     {
+        $component = strtolower($component);
+
         // First argument is the class alias, second is options
         $alias   = trim(array_shift($arguments), '\\ ');
         $options = array_shift($arguments) ?? [];
 
         // Determine the component-specific options
-        $options = array_merge(self::getOptions(strtolower($component)), $options);
+        $options = array_merge(self::getOptions($component), $options);
 
         if (! $options['getShared']) {
             if (isset(self::$aliases[$component][$alias])) {
@@ -144,7 +149,8 @@ public static function __callStatic(string $component, array $arguments)
             }
 
             // Try to locate the class
-            if ($class = self::locateClass($options, $alias)) {
+            $class = self::locateClass($options, $alias);
+            if ($class !== null) {
                 return new $class(...$arguments);
             }
 
@@ -376,7 +382,7 @@ public static function getOptions(string $component): array
             // Handle Config as a special case to prevent logic loops
             ? self::$configOptions
             // Load values from the best Factory configuration (will include Registrars)
-            : config(Factory::class)->{$component} ?? [];
+            : config('Factory')->{$component} ?? [];
 
         // The setOptions() reset the component. So getOptions() may reset
         // the component.
@@ -393,6 +399,8 @@ public static function getOptions(string $component): array
      */
     public static function setOptions(string $component, array $values): array
     {
+        $component = strtolower($component);
+
         // Allow the config to replace the component name, to support "aliases"
         $values['component'] = strtolower($values['component'] ?? $component);
 
@@ -421,21 +429,21 @@ public static function setOptions(string $component, array $values): array
      */
     public static function reset(?string $component = null)
     {
-        if ($component) {
+        if ($component !== null) {
             unset(
-                static::$options[$component],
-                static::$aliases[$component],
-                static::$instances[$component],
-                static::$updated[$component]
+                self::$options[$component],
+                self::$aliases[$component],
+                self::$instances[$component],
+                self::$updated[$component]
             );
 
             return;
         }
 
-        static::$options   = [];
-        static::$aliases   = [];
-        static::$instances = [];
-        static::$updated   = [];
+        self::$options   = [];
+        self::$aliases   = [];
+        self::$instances = [];
+        self::$updated   = [];
     }
 
     /**
@@ -451,8 +459,9 @@ public static function reset(?string $component = null)
      */
     public static function injectMock(string $component, string $alias, object $instance)
     {
-        // Force a configuration to exist for this component
         $component = strtolower($component);
+
+        // Force a configuration to exist for this component
         self::getOptions($component);
 
         $class = get_class($instance);
@@ -492,15 +501,17 @@ public static function getBasename(string $alias): string
      */
     public static function getComponentInstances(string $component): array
     {
-        if (! isset(static::$aliases[$component])) {
+        if (! isset(self::$aliases[$component])) {
             return [
+                'options'   => [],
                 'aliases'   => [],
                 'instances' => [],
             ];
         }
 
         return [
-            'aliases'   => static::$aliases[$component],
+            'options'   => self::$options[$component],
+            'aliases'   => self::$aliases[$component],
             'instances' => self::$instances[$component],
         ];
     }
@@ -512,8 +523,10 @@ public static function getComponentInstances(string $component): array
      */
     public static function setComponentInstances(string $component, array $data): void
     {
-        static::$aliases[$component] = $data['aliases'];
+        self::$options[$component]   = $data['options'];
+        self::$aliases[$component]   = $data['aliases'];
         self::$instances[$component] = $data['instances'];
+
         unset(self::$updated[$component]);
     }
 
diff --git a/system/Config/Services.php b/system/Config/Services.php
index 720bb3c487ce..5ffb9e049c46 100644
--- a/system/Config/Services.php
+++ b/system/Config/Services.php
@@ -104,6 +104,7 @@
  *
  * @see http://blog.ircmaxell.com/2015/11/simple-easy-risk-and-change.html
  * @see http://www.infoq.com/presentations/Simple-Made-Easy
+ * @see \CodeIgniter\Config\ServicesTest
  */
 class Services extends BaseService
 {
@@ -520,7 +521,7 @@ public static function request(?App $config = null, bool $getShared = true)
         }
 
         // @TODO remove the following code for backward compatibility
-        return static::incomingrequest($config, $getShared);
+        return AppServices::incomingrequest($config, $getShared);
     }
 
     /**
diff --git a/system/Config/View.php b/system/Config/View.php
index de4ed62b936a..5a6a6404b69e 100644
--- a/system/Config/View.php
+++ b/system/Config/View.php
@@ -15,6 +15,9 @@
 
 /**
  * View configuration
+ *
+ * @phpstan-type ParserCallable (callable(mixed): mixed)
+ * @phpstan-type ParserCallableString (callable(mixed): mixed)&string
  */
 class View extends BaseConfig
 {
@@ -34,8 +37,10 @@ class View extends BaseConfig
      * To prevent potential abuse, all filters MUST be defined here
      * in order for them to be available for use within the Parser.
      *
+     * @psalm-suppress UndefinedDocblockClass
+     *
      * @var array<string, string>
-     * @phpstan-var array<string, callable-string>
+     * @phpstan-var array<string, ParserCallableString>
      */
     public $filters = [];
 
@@ -44,8 +49,10 @@ class View extends BaseConfig
      * by the core Parser by creating aliases that will be replaced with
      * any callable. Can be single or tag pair.
      *
-     * @var array<string, string>
-     * @phpstan-var array<string, callable-string>
+     * @psalm-suppress UndefinedDocblockClass
+     *
+     * @var array<string, array<string>|callable|string>
+     * @phpstan-var array<string, array<ParserCallableString>|ParserCallableString|ParserCallable>
      */
     public $plugins = [];
 
@@ -53,7 +60,7 @@ class View extends BaseConfig
      * Built-in View filters.
      *
      * @var array<string, string>
-     * @phpstan-var array<string, callable-string>
+     * @phpstan-var array<string, ParserCallableString>
      */
     protected $coreFilters = [
         'abs'            => '\abs',
@@ -82,8 +89,8 @@ class View extends BaseConfig
     /**
      * Built-in View plugins.
      *
-     * @var array<string, string>
-     * @phpstan-var array<string, callable-string>
+     * @var array<string, array<string>|callable|string>
+     * @phpstan-var array<string, array<ParserCallableString>|ParserCallableString|ParserCallable>
      */
     protected $corePlugins = [
         'csp_script_nonce'  => '\CodeIgniter\View\Plugins::cspScriptNonce',
diff --git a/system/Controller.php b/system/Controller.php
index 038bc8ee7a78..45fe0e499565 100644
--- a/system/Controller.php
+++ b/system/Controller.php
@@ -22,6 +22,8 @@
 
 /**
  * Class Controller
+ *
+ * @see \CodeIgniter\ControllerTest
  */
 class Controller
 {
diff --git a/system/Cookie/Cookie.php b/system/Cookie/Cookie.php
index 08dfff2c303f..69e40017bb65 100644
--- a/system/Cookie/Cookie.php
+++ b/system/Cookie/Cookie.php
@@ -39,6 +39,7 @@
  * ```
  *
  * @template-implements ArrayAccess<string, bool|int|string>
+ * @see \CodeIgniter\Cookie\CookieTest
  */
 class Cookie implements ArrayAccess, CloneableCookieInterface
 {
diff --git a/system/Cookie/CookieStore.php b/system/Cookie/CookieStore.php
index 6bf7f003194e..d893a4add116 100644
--- a/system/Cookie/CookieStore.php
+++ b/system/Cookie/CookieStore.php
@@ -21,6 +21,7 @@
  * The CookieStore object represents an immutable collection of `Cookie` value objects.
  *
  * @implements IteratorAggregate<string, Cookie>
+ * @see \CodeIgniter\Cookie\CookieStoreTest
  */
 class CookieStore implements Countable, IteratorAggregate
 {
diff --git a/system/Database/BaseConnection.php b/system/Database/BaseConnection.php
index 670dd0494984..1116d3966439 100644
--- a/system/Database/BaseConnection.php
+++ b/system/Database/BaseConnection.php
@@ -50,6 +50,7 @@
  * @template TResult
  *
  * @implements ConnectionInterface<TConnection, TResult>
+ * @see \CodeIgniter\Database\BaseConnectionTest
  */
 abstract class BaseConnection implements ConnectionInterface
 {
diff --git a/system/Database/BaseUtils.php b/system/Database/BaseUtils.php
index b75a3b540003..d26bde154e02 100644
--- a/system/Database/BaseUtils.php
+++ b/system/Database/BaseUtils.php
@@ -260,7 +260,7 @@ public function getXMLFromResult(ResultInterface $query, array $params = []): st
      *
      * @param array|string $params
      *
-     * @return mixed
+     * @return false|never|string
      *
      * @throws DatabaseException
      */
@@ -316,7 +316,7 @@ public function backup($params = [])
     /**
      * Platform dependent version of the backup function.
      *
-     * @return mixed
+     * @return false|never|string
      */
     abstract public function _backup(?array $prefs = null);
 }
diff --git a/system/Database/Config.php b/system/Database/Config.php
index f34d0395bc69..62fa79202d26 100644
--- a/system/Database/Config.php
+++ b/system/Database/Config.php
@@ -17,6 +17,8 @@
 
 /**
  * Class Config
+ *
+ * @see \CodeIgniter\Database\ConfigTest
  */
 class Config extends BaseConfig
 {
diff --git a/system/Database/Forge.php b/system/Database/Forge.php
index f83a9acf94a6..ae26f6e7457d 100644
--- a/system/Database/Forge.php
+++ b/system/Database/Forge.php
@@ -1073,7 +1073,7 @@ public function processIndexes(string $table): bool
         $sqls = [];
         $fk   = $this->foreignKeys;
 
-        if (empty($this->fields)) {
+        if ($this->fields === []) {
             $this->fields = array_flip(array_map(
                 static fn ($columnName) => $columnName->name,
                 $this->db->getFieldData($this->db->DBPrefix . $table)
@@ -1082,20 +1082,18 @@ public function processIndexes(string $table): bool
 
         $fields = $this->fields;
 
-        if (! empty($this->keys)) {
+        if ($this->keys !== []) {
             $sqls = $this->_processIndexes($this->db->DBPrefix . $table, true);
+        }
 
-            $pk = $this->_processPrimaryKeys($table, true);
-
-            if ($pk !== '') {
-                $sqls[] = $pk;
-            }
+        if ($this->primaryKeys !== []) {
+            $sqls[] = $this->_processPrimaryKeys($table, true);
         }
 
         $this->foreignKeys = $fk;
         $this->fields      = $fields;
 
-        if (! empty($this->foreignKeys)) {
+        if ($this->foreignKeys !== []) {
             $sqls = array_merge($sqls, $this->_processForeignKeys($table, true));
         }
 
diff --git a/system/Database/MigrationRunner.php b/system/Database/MigrationRunner.php
index eda6bb582e80..241a9e6da5fa 100644
--- a/system/Database/MigrationRunner.php
+++ b/system/Database/MigrationRunner.php
@@ -220,9 +220,10 @@ public function latest(?string $group = null)
      *
      * Calls each migration step required to get to the provided batch
      *
-     * @param int $targetBatch Target batch number, or negative for a relative batch, 0 for all
+     * @param int         $targetBatch Target batch number, or negative for a relative batch, 0 for all
+     * @param string|null $group       Deprecated. The designation has no effect.
      *
-     * @return mixed Current batch number on success, FALSE on failure or no migrations are found
+     * @return bool True on success, FALSE on failure or no migrations are found
      *
      * @throws ConfigException
      * @throws RuntimeException
@@ -233,11 +234,6 @@ public function regress(int $targetBatch = 0, ?string $group = null)
             throw ConfigException::forDisabledMigrations();
         }
 
-        // Set database group if not null
-        if ($group !== null) {
-            $this->setGroup($group);
-        }
-
         $this->ensureTable();
 
         $batches = $this->getBatches();
diff --git a/system/Database/ModelFactory.php b/system/Database/ModelFactory.php
index ae088124d9f7..76a30e6c1d30 100644
--- a/system/Database/ModelFactory.php
+++ b/system/Database/ModelFactory.php
@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@
  * @deprecated Use CodeIgniter\Config\Factories::models()
  *
  * @codeCoverageIgnore
+ * @see \CodeIgniter\Database\ModelFactoryTest
  */
 class ModelFactory
 {
diff --git a/system/Database/MySQLi/Utils.php b/system/Database/MySQLi/Utils.php
index 3fea64a0ebaf..08989f75dda8 100644
--- a/system/Database/MySQLi/Utils.php
+++ b/system/Database/MySQLi/Utils.php
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ class Utils extends BaseUtils
     /**
      * Platform dependent version of the backup function.
      *
-     * @return mixed
+     * @return never
      */
     public function _backup(?array $prefs = null)
     {
diff --git a/system/Database/OCI8/Connection.php b/system/Database/OCI8/Connection.php
index dd54bf9d4a11..8cb7e3a4a766 100644
--- a/system/Database/OCI8/Connection.php
+++ b/system/Database/OCI8/Connection.php
@@ -602,7 +602,7 @@ public function insertID(): int
             }
         }
 
-        if (! $primaryColumnName) {
+        if ($primaryColumnName === '') {
             return 0;
         }
 
diff --git a/system/Database/OCI8/Utils.php b/system/Database/OCI8/Utils.php
index 870306d8b8b1..2f3a3304ea3e 100644
--- a/system/Database/OCI8/Utils.php
+++ b/system/Database/OCI8/Utils.php
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ class Utils extends BaseUtils
     /**
      * Platform dependent version of the backup function.
      *
-     * @return mixed
+     * @return never
      */
     public function _backup(?array $prefs = null)
     {
diff --git a/system/Database/Postgre/Utils.php b/system/Database/Postgre/Utils.php
index ba1df5d3b52a..516104ec951d 100644
--- a/system/Database/Postgre/Utils.php
+++ b/system/Database/Postgre/Utils.php
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ class Utils extends BaseUtils
     /**
      * Platform dependent version of the backup function.
      *
-     * @return mixed
+     * @return never
      */
     public function _backup(?array $prefs = null)
     {
diff --git a/system/Database/RawSql.php b/system/Database/RawSql.php
index 7ecb7fd378ae..efa97d30736c 100644
--- a/system/Database/RawSql.php
+++ b/system/Database/RawSql.php
@@ -11,6 +11,9 @@
 
 namespace CodeIgniter\Database;
 
+/**
+ * @see \CodeIgniter\Database\RawSqlTest
+ */
 class RawSql
 {
     /**
diff --git a/system/Database/SQLSRV/Utils.php b/system/Database/SQLSRV/Utils.php
index 22a12bcdf02a..ae52ae40a76b 100755
--- a/system/Database/SQLSRV/Utils.php
+++ b/system/Database/SQLSRV/Utils.php
@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ public function __construct(ConnectionInterface $db)
     /**
      * Platform dependent version of the backup function.
      *
-     * @return mixed
+     * @return never
      */
     public function _backup(?array $prefs = null)
     {
diff --git a/system/Database/SQLite3/Utils.php b/system/Database/SQLite3/Utils.php
index f0cc5dfcf2dc..b8f45dd54196 100644
--- a/system/Database/SQLite3/Utils.php
+++ b/system/Database/SQLite3/Utils.php
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ class Utils extends BaseUtils
     /**
      * Platform dependent version of the backup function.
      *
-     * @return mixed
+     * @return never
      */
     public function _backup(?array $prefs = null)
     {
diff --git a/system/Debug/ExceptionHandler.php b/system/Debug/ExceptionHandler.php
index 1eaa05aceeaa..9fe40f33728c 100644
--- a/system/Debug/ExceptionHandler.php
+++ b/system/Debug/ExceptionHandler.php
@@ -20,6 +20,9 @@
 use Config\Paths;
 use Throwable;
 
+/**
+ * @see \CodeIgniter\Debug\ExceptionHandlerTest
+ */
 final class ExceptionHandler extends BaseExceptionHandler implements ExceptionHandlerInterface
 {
     use ResponseTrait;
@@ -126,7 +129,7 @@ protected function determineView(Throwable $exception, string $templatePath): st
         // Production environments should have a custom exception file.
         $view = 'production.php';
 
-        if (str_ireplace(['off', 'none', 'no', 'false', 'null'], '', ini_get('display_errors'))) {
+        if (str_ireplace(['off', 'none', 'no', 'false', 'null'], '', ini_get('display_errors')) !== '') {
             $view = 'error_exception.php';
         }
 
diff --git a/system/Debug/Exceptions.php b/system/Debug/Exceptions.php
index 3c2c7902c687..885f98ae0b06 100644
--- a/system/Debug/Exceptions.php
+++ b/system/Debug/Exceptions.php
@@ -27,6 +27,8 @@
 
 /**
  * Exceptions manager
+ *
+ * @see \CodeIgniter\Debug\ExceptionsTest
  */
 class Exceptions
 {
@@ -199,7 +201,7 @@ public function errorHandler(int $severity, string $message, ?string $file = nul
             return $this->handleDeprecationError($message, $file, $line);
         }
 
-        if (error_reporting() & $severity) {
+        if ((error_reporting() & $severity) !== 0) {
             throw new ErrorException($message, 0, $severity, $file, $line);
         }
 
@@ -225,7 +227,7 @@ public function shutdownHandler()
 
         ['type' => $type, 'message' => $message, 'file' => $file, 'line' => $line] = $error;
 
-        if ($this->exceptionCaughtByExceptionHandler) {
+        if ($this->exceptionCaughtByExceptionHandler instanceof Throwable) {
             $message .= "\n【Previous Exception】\n"
                 . get_class($this->exceptionCaughtByExceptionHandler) . "\n"
                 . $this->exceptionCaughtByExceptionHandler->getMessage() . "\n"
@@ -251,7 +253,7 @@ protected function determineView(Throwable $exception, string $templatePath): st
         $view         = 'production.php';
         $templatePath = rtrim($templatePath, '\\/ ') . DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR;
 
-        if (str_ireplace(['off', 'none', 'no', 'false', 'null'], '', ini_get('display_errors'))) {
+        if (str_ireplace(['off', 'none', 'no', 'false', 'null'], '', ini_get('display_errors')) !== '') {
             $view = 'error_exception.php';
         }
 
diff --git a/system/Debug/Timer.php b/system/Debug/Timer.php
index 216b10bab758..d43bf1c5a32a 100644
--- a/system/Debug/Timer.php
+++ b/system/Debug/Timer.php
@@ -18,6 +18,8 @@
  *
  * Provides a simple way to measure the amount of time
  * that elapses between two points.
+ *
+ * @see \CodeIgniter\Debug\TimerTest
  */
 class Timer
 {
diff --git a/system/Debug/Toolbar.php b/system/Debug/Toolbar.php
index 19a67b455db3..73c777ba7289 100644
--- a/system/Debug/Toolbar.php
+++ b/system/Debug/Toolbar.php
@@ -83,7 +83,7 @@ public function run(float $startTime, float $totalTime, RequestInterface $reques
         $data['isAJAX']          = $request->isAJAX();
         $data['startTime']       = $startTime;
         $data['totalTime']       = $totalTime * 1000;
-        $data['totalMemory']     = number_format((memory_get_peak_usage()) / 1024 / 1024, 3);
+        $data['totalMemory']     = number_format(memory_get_peak_usage() / 1024 / 1024, 3);
         $data['segmentDuration'] = $this->roundTo($data['totalTime'] / 7);
         $data['segmentCount']    = (int) ceil($data['totalTime'] / $data['segmentDuration']);
         $data['CI_VERSION']      = CodeIgniter::CI_VERSION;
diff --git a/system/Debug/Toolbar/Collectors/Database.php b/system/Debug/Toolbar/Collectors/Database.php
index f487af59cef4..4b2ff96fe8b5 100644
--- a/system/Debug/Toolbar/Collectors/Database.php
+++ b/system/Debug/Toolbar/Collectors/Database.php
@@ -17,6 +17,8 @@
 
 /**
  * Collector for the Database tab of the Debug Toolbar.
+ *
+ * @see \CodeIgniter\Debug\Toolbar\Collectors\DatabaseTest
  */
 class Database extends BaseCollector
 {
diff --git a/system/Debug/Toolbar/Collectors/Files.php b/system/Debug/Toolbar/Collectors/Files.php
index ea14dcfd1ec3..c281906cdd28 100644
--- a/system/Debug/Toolbar/Collectors/Files.php
+++ b/system/Debug/Toolbar/Collectors/Files.php
@@ -62,13 +62,13 @@ public function display(): array
 
             if (strpos($path, 'SYSTEMPATH') !== false) {
                 $coreFiles[] = [
-                    'name' => basename($file),
                     'path' => $path,
+                    'name' => basename($file),
                 ];
             } else {
                 $userFiles[] = [
-                    'name' => basename($file),
                     'path' => $path,
+                    'name' => basename($file),
                 ];
             }
         }
diff --git a/system/Debug/Toolbar/Collectors/History.php b/system/Debug/Toolbar/Collectors/History.php
index 9645bd91863a..a639e35a4ebd 100644
--- a/system/Debug/Toolbar/Collectors/History.php
+++ b/system/Debug/Toolbar/Collectors/History.php
@@ -15,6 +15,8 @@
 
 /**
  * History collector
+ *
+ * @see \CodeIgniter\Debug\Toolbar\Collectors\HistoryTest
  */
 class History extends BaseCollector
 {
diff --git a/system/Debug/Toolbar/Views/toolbar.css b/system/Debug/Toolbar/Views/toolbar.css
index 8a302b4019e9..89555b4f7d40 100644
--- a/system/Debug/Toolbar/Views/toolbar.css
+++ b/system/Debug/Toolbar/Views/toolbar.css
@@ -532,6 +532,9 @@
   #debug-bar .timeline .timer {
     background-color: #DD8615;
   }
+  #debug-bar .timeline .timeline-parent-open td {
+    color: #252525;
+  }
   .debug-view.show-view {
     border-color: #DD8615;
   }
@@ -644,6 +647,9 @@
 #toolbarContainer.dark #debug-bar .timeline .timer {
   background-color: #DD8615;
 }
+#toolbarContainer.dark #debug-bar .timeline .timeline-parent-open td {
+  color: #252525;
+}
 #toolbarContainer.dark .debug-view.show-view {
   border-color: #DD8615;
 }
diff --git a/system/Email/Email.php b/system/Email/Email.php
index b2f6874c32c9..a6ad2d993204 100644
--- a/system/Email/Email.php
+++ b/system/Email/Email.php
@@ -20,6 +20,8 @@
  * CodeIgniter Email Class
  *
  * Permits email to be sent using Mail, Sendmail, or SMTP.
+ *
+ * @see \CodeIgniter\Email\EmailTest
  */
 class Email
 {
@@ -350,7 +352,8 @@ class Email
      * Character sets valid for 7-bit encoding,
      * excluding language suffix.
      *
-     * @var array
+     * @var array<int, string>
+     * @phpstan-var list<string>
      */
     protected $baseCharsets = [
         'us-ascii',
diff --git a/system/Encryption/Encryption.php b/system/Encryption/Encryption.php
index fda9906240cb..113703d55649 100644
--- a/system/Encryption/Encryption.php
+++ b/system/Encryption/Encryption.php
@@ -20,6 +20,8 @@
  * Provides two-way keyed encryption via PHP's Sodium and/or OpenSSL extensions.
  * This class determines the driver, cipher, and mode to use, and then
  * initializes the appropriate encryption handler.
+ *
+ * @see \CodeIgniter\Encryption\EncryptionTest
  */
 class Encryption
 {
@@ -106,7 +108,7 @@ public function __construct(?EncryptionConfig $config = null)
      */
     public function initialize(?EncryptionConfig $config = null)
     {
-        if ($config) {
+        if ($config instanceof EncryptionConfig) {
             $this->key    = $config->key;
             $this->driver = $config->driver;
             $this->digest = $config->digest ?? 'SHA512';
diff --git a/system/Encryption/Handlers/OpenSSLHandler.php b/system/Encryption/Handlers/OpenSSLHandler.php
index 8324b36718ea..0d8f10758b3c 100644
--- a/system/Encryption/Handlers/OpenSSLHandler.php
+++ b/system/Encryption/Handlers/OpenSSLHandler.php
@@ -15,6 +15,8 @@
 
 /**
  * Encryption handling for OpenSSL library
+ *
+ * @see \CodeIgniter\Encryption\Handlers\OpenSSLHandlerTest
  */
 class OpenSSLHandler extends BaseHandler
 {
diff --git a/system/Encryption/Handlers/SodiumHandler.php b/system/Encryption/Handlers/SodiumHandler.php
index 95dcdfb6c8b0..c483dfe90c3a 100644
--- a/system/Encryption/Handlers/SodiumHandler.php
+++ b/system/Encryption/Handlers/SodiumHandler.php
@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@
  * SodiumHandler uses libsodium in encryption.
  *
  * @see https://github.com/jedisct1/libsodium/issues/392
+ * @see \CodeIgniter\Encryption\Handlers\SodiumHandlerTest
  */
 class SodiumHandler extends BaseHandler
 {
diff --git a/system/Entity/Entity.php b/system/Entity/Entity.php
index dd4f54c928bf..65898c012dc9 100644
--- a/system/Entity/Entity.php
+++ b/system/Entity/Entity.php
@@ -33,6 +33,8 @@
 
 /**
  * Entity encapsulation, for use with CodeIgniter\Model
+ *
+ * @see \CodeIgniter\Entity\EntityTest
  */
 class Entity implements JsonSerializable
 {
diff --git a/system/Events/Events.php b/system/Events/Events.php
index ff8c92822e52..b240dc29e1ca 100644
--- a/system/Events/Events.php
+++ b/system/Events/Events.php
@@ -16,6 +16,8 @@
 
 /**
  * Events
+ *
+ * @see \CodeIgniter\Events\EventsTest
  */
 class Events
 {
diff --git a/system/Files/File.php b/system/Files/File.php
index 67e098da1a93..4e4ee388047e 100644
--- a/system/Files/File.php
+++ b/system/Files/File.php
@@ -20,6 +20,8 @@
 
 /**
  * Wrapper for PHP's built-in SplFileInfo, with goodies.
+ *
+ * @see \CodeIgniter\Files\FileTest
  */
 class File extends SplFileInfo
 {
diff --git a/system/Files/FileCollection.php b/system/Files/FileCollection.php
index ab0ab357329c..87f987eb8f1e 100644
--- a/system/Files/FileCollection.php
+++ b/system/Files/FileCollection.php
@@ -25,6 +25,7 @@
  * filtering, and ordering them.
  *
  * @template-implements IteratorAggregate<int, File>
+ * @see \CodeIgniter\Files\FileCollectionTest
  */
 class FileCollection implements Countable, IteratorAggregate
 {
diff --git a/system/Filters/CSRF.php b/system/Filters/CSRF.php
index 2548dd026454..23e6e2540eca 100644
--- a/system/Filters/CSRF.php
+++ b/system/Filters/CSRF.php
@@ -24,6 +24,7 @@
  * This filter is not intended to be used from the command line.
  *
  * @codeCoverageIgnore
+ * @see \CodeIgniter\Filters\CSRFTest
  */
 class CSRF implements FilterInterface
 {
diff --git a/system/Filters/DebugToolbar.php b/system/Filters/DebugToolbar.php
index ae4c09c8bf9c..75662d841ade 100644
--- a/system/Filters/DebugToolbar.php
+++ b/system/Filters/DebugToolbar.php
@@ -17,6 +17,8 @@
 
 /**
  * Debug toolbar filter
+ *
+ * @see \CodeIgniter\Filters\DebugToolbarTest
  */
 class DebugToolbar implements FilterInterface
 {
diff --git a/system/Filters/Filters.php b/system/Filters/Filters.php
index ccd8283b0121..df27e3f6cee3 100644
--- a/system/Filters/Filters.php
+++ b/system/Filters/Filters.php
@@ -21,6 +21,8 @@
 
 /**
  * Filters
+ *
+ * @see \CodeIgniter\Filters\FiltersTest
  */
 class Filters
 {
@@ -123,6 +125,8 @@ public function __construct($config, RequestInterface $request, ResponseInterfac
      *
      * Sample :
      * $filters->aliases['custom-auth'] = \Acme\Blob\Filters\BlobAuth::class;
+     *
+     * @deprecated 4.4.2 Use Registrar instead.
      */
     private function discoverFilters(): void
     {
diff --git a/system/Filters/Honeypot.php b/system/Filters/Honeypot.php
index 419c2b47e75a..e30e90f8d9fd 100644
--- a/system/Filters/Honeypot.php
+++ b/system/Filters/Honeypot.php
@@ -19,6 +19,8 @@
 
 /**
  * Honeypot filter
+ *
+ * @see \CodeIgniter\Filters\HoneypotTest
  */
 class Honeypot implements FilterInterface
 {
diff --git a/system/Filters/InvalidChars.php b/system/Filters/InvalidChars.php
index 42aa15b19675..93124fdb4e9f 100644
--- a/system/Filters/InvalidChars.php
+++ b/system/Filters/InvalidChars.php
@@ -23,6 +23,8 @@
  * invalid characters:
  *   - invalid UTF-8 characters
  *   - control characters except line break and tab code
+ *
+ * @see \CodeIgniter\Filters\InvalidCharsTest
  */
 class InvalidChars implements FilterInterface
 {
diff --git a/system/Filters/SecureHeaders.php b/system/Filters/SecureHeaders.php
index fd656af6a80f..952926b95714 100644
--- a/system/Filters/SecureHeaders.php
+++ b/system/Filters/SecureHeaders.php
@@ -16,6 +16,8 @@
 
 /**
  * Add Common Security Headers
+ *
+ * @see \CodeIgniter\Filters\SecureHeadersTest
  */
 class SecureHeaders implements FilterInterface
 {
diff --git a/system/Format/Format.php b/system/Format/Format.php
index db05aca146d5..6b4eb73f1f3a 100644
--- a/system/Format/Format.php
+++ b/system/Format/Format.php
@@ -16,6 +16,8 @@
 
 /**
  * The Format class is a convenient place to create Formatters.
+ *
+ * @see \CodeIgniter\Format\FormatTest
  */
 class Format
 {
diff --git a/system/Format/JSONFormatter.php b/system/Format/JSONFormatter.php
index b4a80822e8be..3e708e9fa6b7 100644
--- a/system/Format/JSONFormatter.php
+++ b/system/Format/JSONFormatter.php
@@ -16,6 +16,8 @@
 
 /**
  * JSON data formatter
+ *
+ * @see \CodeIgniter\Format\JSONFormatterTest
  */
 class JSONFormatter implements FormatterInterface
 {
@@ -31,7 +33,7 @@ public function format($data)
         $config = new Format();
 
         $options = $config->formatterOptions['application/json'] ?? JSON_UNESCAPED_UNICODE | JSON_UNESCAPED_SLASHES;
-        $options = $options | JSON_PARTIAL_OUTPUT_ON_ERROR;
+        $options |= JSON_PARTIAL_OUTPUT_ON_ERROR;
 
         $options = ENVIRONMENT === 'production' ? $options : $options | JSON_PRETTY_PRINT;
 
diff --git a/system/Format/XMLFormatter.php b/system/Format/XMLFormatter.php
index 23ed57fadf84..51b3003e974e 100644
--- a/system/Format/XMLFormatter.php
+++ b/system/Format/XMLFormatter.php
@@ -17,6 +17,8 @@
 
 /**
  * XML data formatter
+ *
+ * @see \CodeIgniter\Format\XMLFormatterTest
  */
 class XMLFormatter implements FormatterInterface
 {
diff --git a/system/HTTP/CLIRequest.php b/system/HTTP/CLIRequest.php
index ef10d101e05b..878e8a1d66c6 100644
--- a/system/HTTP/CLIRequest.php
+++ b/system/HTTP/CLIRequest.php
@@ -25,6 +25,8 @@
  * originally made available under.
  *
  * http://fuelphp.com
+ *
+ * @see \CodeIgniter\HTTP\CLIRequestTest
  */
 class CLIRequest extends Request
 {
@@ -71,6 +73,9 @@ public function __construct(App $config)
         ignore_user_abort(true);
 
         $this->parseCommand();
+
+        // Set SiteURI for this request
+        $this->uri = new SiteURI($config, $this->getPath());
     }
 
     /**
diff --git a/system/HTTP/CURLRequest.php b/system/HTTP/CURLRequest.php
index 1f02cec983b0..c8b3b9fe9f92 100644
--- a/system/HTTP/CURLRequest.php
+++ b/system/HTTP/CURLRequest.php
@@ -18,6 +18,8 @@
 
 /**
  * A lightweight HTTP client for sending synchronous HTTP requests via cURL.
+ *
+ * @see \CodeIgniter\HTTP\CURLRequestTest
  */
 class CURLRequest extends OutgoingRequest
 {
@@ -576,7 +578,7 @@ protected function setCURLOptions(array $curlOptions = [], array $config = [])
         if (! empty($config['decode_content'])) {
             $accept = $this->getHeaderLine('Accept-Encoding');
 
-            if ($accept) {
+            if ($accept !== '') {
                 $curlOptions[CURLOPT_ENCODING] = $accept;
             } else {
                 $curlOptions[CURLOPT_ENCODING]   = '';
diff --git a/system/HTTP/ContentSecurityPolicy.php b/system/HTTP/ContentSecurityPolicy.php
index 2a90c3c6473b..37b0ce650ff7 100644
--- a/system/HTTP/ContentSecurityPolicy.php
+++ b/system/HTTP/ContentSecurityPolicy.php
@@ -22,6 +22,7 @@
  * @see http://www.html5rocks.com/en/tutorials/security/content-security-policy/
  * @see http://content-security-policy.com/
  * @see https://www.owasp.org/index.php/Content_Security_Policy
+ * @see \CodeIgniter\HTTP\ContentSecurityPolicyTest
  */
 class ContentSecurityPolicy
 {
diff --git a/system/HTTP/DownloadResponse.php b/system/HTTP/DownloadResponse.php
index c2fdcff0799f..14dc3fec1421 100644
--- a/system/HTTP/DownloadResponse.php
+++ b/system/HTTP/DownloadResponse.php
@@ -18,6 +18,8 @@
 
 /**
  * HTTP response when a download is requested.
+ *
+ * @see \CodeIgniter\HTTP\DownloadResponseTest
  */
 class DownloadResponse extends Response
 {
diff --git a/system/HTTP/Files/FileCollection.php b/system/HTTP/Files/FileCollection.php
index 605d3a134aea..f01cc69f5902 100644
--- a/system/HTTP/Files/FileCollection.php
+++ b/system/HTTP/Files/FileCollection.php
@@ -18,6 +18,8 @@
  * Class FileCollection
  *
  * Provides easy access to uploaded files for a request.
+ *
+ * @see \CodeIgniter\HTTP\Files\FileCollectionTest
  */
 class FileCollection
 {
diff --git a/system/HTTP/Header.php b/system/HTTP/Header.php
index e9bebe960097..67c6cb0636d3 100644
--- a/system/HTTP/Header.php
+++ b/system/HTTP/Header.php
@@ -15,6 +15,8 @@
  * Class Header
  *
  * Represents a single HTTP header.
+ *
+ * @see \CodeIgniter\HTTP\HeaderTest
  */
 class Header
 {
diff --git a/system/HTTP/IncomingRequest.php b/system/HTTP/IncomingRequest.php
index 947f5cc4c668..079a3b69d02f 100755
--- a/system/HTTP/IncomingRequest.php
+++ b/system/HTTP/IncomingRequest.php
@@ -42,6 +42,8 @@
  * - Query string arguments (generally via $_GET, or as parsed via parse_str())
  * - Upload files, if any (as represented by $_FILES)
  * - Deserialized body binds (generally from $_POST)
+ *
+ * @see \CodeIgniter\HTTP\IncomingRequestTest
  */
 class IncomingRequest extends Request
 {
@@ -106,7 +108,7 @@ class IncomingRequest extends Request
 
     /**
      * The current locale of the application.
-     * Default value is set in Config\App.php
+     * Default value is set in app/Config/App.php
      *
      * @var string
      */
@@ -522,7 +524,7 @@ public function getLocale(): string
     }
 
     /**
-     * Returns the default locale as set in Config\App.php
+     * Returns the default locale as set in app/Config/App.php
      */
     public function getDefaultLocale(): string
     {
@@ -825,35 +827,42 @@ public function getUserAgent()
      */
     public function getOldInput(string $key)
     {
-        // If the session hasn't been started, or no
-        // data was previously saved, we're done.
-        if (empty($_SESSION['_ci_old_input'])) {
+        // If the session hasn't been started, we're done.
+        if (! isset($_SESSION)) {
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        // Get previously saved in session
+        $old = session('_ci_old_input');
+
+        // If no data was previously saved, we're done.
+        if ($old === null) {
             return null;
         }
 
         // Check for the value in the POST array first.
-        if (isset($_SESSION['_ci_old_input']['post'][$key])) {
-            return $_SESSION['_ci_old_input']['post'][$key];
+        if (isset($old['post'][$key])) {
+            return $old['post'][$key];
         }
 
         // Next check in the GET array.
-        if (isset($_SESSION['_ci_old_input']['get'][$key])) {
-            return $_SESSION['_ci_old_input']['get'][$key];
+        if (isset($old['get'][$key])) {
+            return $old['get'][$key];
         }
 
         helper('array');
 
         // Check for an array value in POST.
-        if (isset($_SESSION['_ci_old_input']['post'])) {
-            $value = dot_array_search($key, $_SESSION['_ci_old_input']['post']);
+        if (isset($old['post'])) {
+            $value = dot_array_search($key, $old['post']);
             if ($value !== null) {
                 return $value;
             }
         }
 
         // Check for an array value in GET.
-        if (isset($_SESSION['_ci_old_input']['get'])) {
-            $value = dot_array_search($key, $_SESSION['_ci_old_input']['get']);
+        if (isset($old['get'])) {
+            $value = dot_array_search($key, $old['get']);
             if ($value !== null) {
                 return $value;
             }
diff --git a/system/HTTP/Message.php b/system/HTTP/Message.php
index 01496d780c1a..9d0b517778a4 100644
--- a/system/HTTP/Message.php
+++ b/system/HTTP/Message.php
@@ -13,6 +13,8 @@
 
 /**
  * An HTTP message
+ *
+ * @see \CodeIgniter\HTTP\MessageTest
  */
 class Message implements MessageInterface
 {
diff --git a/system/HTTP/Negotiate.php b/system/HTTP/Negotiate.php
index dcaf41d1dbbb..b1d5fdfa93a3 100644
--- a/system/HTTP/Negotiate.php
+++ b/system/HTTP/Negotiate.php
@@ -21,6 +21,7 @@
  * server wants.
  *
  * @see http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7231#section-5.3
+ * @see \CodeIgniter\HTTP\NegotiateTest
  */
 class Negotiate
 {
diff --git a/system/HTTP/OutgoingRequest.php b/system/HTTP/OutgoingRequest.php
index 6a339038ea0c..698cde263bc1 100644
--- a/system/HTTP/OutgoingRequest.php
+++ b/system/HTTP/OutgoingRequest.php
@@ -13,6 +13,8 @@
 
 /**
  * Representation of an outgoing, client-side request.
+ *
+ * @see \CodeIgniter\HTTP\OutgoingRequestTest
  */
 class OutgoingRequest extends Message implements OutgoingRequestInterface
 {
diff --git a/system/HTTP/RedirectResponse.php b/system/HTTP/RedirectResponse.php
index 1c0e354bb1d9..d6f234ca9f68 100644
--- a/system/HTTP/RedirectResponse.php
+++ b/system/HTTP/RedirectResponse.php
@@ -17,6 +17,8 @@
 
 /**
  * Handle a redirect response
+ *
+ * @see \CodeIgniter\HTTP\RedirectResponseTest
  */
 class RedirectResponse extends Response
 {
diff --git a/system/HTTP/Request.php b/system/HTTP/Request.php
index 26b7b8f460c8..afb0b22ad5d0 100644
--- a/system/HTTP/Request.php
+++ b/system/HTTP/Request.php
@@ -16,6 +16,8 @@
 
 /**
  * Representation of an incoming, server-side HTTP request.
+ *
+ * @see \CodeIgniter\HTTP\RequestTest
  */
 class Request extends OutgoingRequest implements RequestInterface
 {
diff --git a/system/HTTP/Response.php b/system/HTTP/Response.php
index a0d5658fd8a9..bc37e7418632 100644
--- a/system/HTTP/Response.php
+++ b/system/HTTP/Response.php
@@ -28,6 +28,8 @@
  * - Status code and reason phrase
  * - Headers
  * - Message body
+ *
+ * @see \CodeIgniter\HTTP\ResponseTest
  */
 class Response extends Message implements ResponseInterface
 {
diff --git a/system/HTTP/SiteURI.php b/system/HTTP/SiteURI.php
index 362c8ee32362..d01f614a1c85 100644
--- a/system/HTTP/SiteURI.php
+++ b/system/HTTP/SiteURI.php
@@ -18,6 +18,8 @@
 
 /**
  * URI for the application site
+ *
+ * @see \CodeIgniter\HTTP\SiteURITest
  */
 class SiteURI extends URI
 {
@@ -211,7 +213,7 @@ private function setBasePath(): void
 
         $this->baseSegments = $this->convertToSegments($this->basePathWithoutIndexPage);
 
-        if ($this->indexPage) {
+        if ($this->indexPage !== '') {
             $this->baseSegments[] = $this->indexPage;
         }
     }
diff --git a/system/HTTP/SiteURIFactory.php b/system/HTTP/SiteURIFactory.php
index e250c559058c..36b9d705b28c 100644
--- a/system/HTTP/SiteURIFactory.php
+++ b/system/HTTP/SiteURIFactory.php
@@ -19,6 +19,8 @@
  * Creates SiteURI using superglobals.
  *
  * This class also updates superglobal $_SERVER and $_GET.
+ *
+ * @see \CodeIgniter\HTTP\SiteURIFactoryTest
  */
 final class SiteURIFactory
 {
diff --git a/system/HTTP/URI.php b/system/HTTP/URI.php
index a149c4102f34..608f8b75d5ba 100644
--- a/system/HTTP/URI.php
+++ b/system/HTTP/URI.php
@@ -18,6 +18,8 @@
 
 /**
  * Abstraction for a uniform resource identifier (URI).
+ *
+ * @see \CodeIgniter\HTTP\URITest
  */
 class URI
 {
@@ -175,11 +177,11 @@ public static function createURIString(
                 : ltrim($path, '/');
         }
 
-        if ($query) {
+        if ($query !== '' && $query !== null) {
             $uri .= '?' . $query;
         }
 
-        if ($fragment) {
+        if ($fragment !== '' && $fragment !== null) {
             $uri .= '#' . $fragment;
         }
 
@@ -1104,7 +1106,7 @@ public function resolveRelativeURI(string $uri)
             if ($relative->getPath() === '') {
                 $transformed->setPath($this->getPath());
 
-                if ($relative->getQuery()) {
+                if ($relative->getQuery() !== '') {
                     $transformed->setQuery($relative->getQuery());
                 } else {
                     $transformed->setQuery($this->getQuery());
diff --git a/system/HTTP/UserAgent.php b/system/HTTP/UserAgent.php
index 02797b2d20c3..77e7cb4392fc 100644
--- a/system/HTTP/UserAgent.php
+++ b/system/HTTP/UserAgent.php
@@ -15,6 +15,8 @@
 
 /**
  * Abstraction for an HTTP user agent
+ *
+ * @see \CodeIgniter\HTTP\UserAgentTest
  */
 class UserAgent
 {
diff --git a/system/Helpers/form_helper.php b/system/Helpers/form_helper.php
index 7f8f191a3a6f..7edb05cf1de3 100644
--- a/system/Helpers/form_helper.php
+++ b/system/Helpers/form_helper.php
@@ -701,12 +701,12 @@ function set_radio(string $field, string $value = '', bool $default = false): st
      */
     function validation_errors()
     {
-        session();
+        $errors = session('_ci_validation_errors');
 
         // Check the session to see if any were
         // passed along from a redirect withErrors() request.
-        if (isset($_SESSION['_ci_validation_errors']) && (ENVIRONMENT === 'testing' || ! is_cli())) {
-            return $_SESSION['_ci_validation_errors'];
+        if ($errors !== null && (ENVIRONMENT === 'testing' || ! is_cli())) {
+            return $errors;
         }
 
         $validation = Services::validation();
diff --git a/system/Helpers/test_helper.php b/system/Helpers/test_helper.php
index 809a7aabe71b..a542bb1ca73c 100644
--- a/system/Helpers/test_helper.php
+++ b/system/Helpers/test_helper.php
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ function fake($model, ?array $overrides = null, $persist = true)
     {
         $fabricator = new Fabricator($model);
 
-        if ($overrides) {
+        if ($overrides !== null) {
             $fabricator->setOverrides($overrides);
         }
 
diff --git a/system/Helpers/url_helper.php b/system/Helpers/url_helper.php
index a74fe944f148..27e3ce1d079f 100644
--- a/system/Helpers/url_helper.php
+++ b/system/Helpers/url_helper.php
@@ -88,10 +88,12 @@ function previous_url(bool $returnObject = false)
     {
         // Grab from the session first, if we have it,
         // since it's more reliable and safer.
-        // Otherwise, grab a sanitized version from $_SERVER.
-        $referer = $_SESSION['_ci_previous_url'] ?? Services::request()->getServer('HTTP_REFERER', FILTER_SANITIZE_URL);
+        if (isset($_SESSION)) {
+            $referer = session('_ci_previous_url');
+        }
 
-        $referer ??= site_url('/');
+        // Otherwise, grab a sanitized version from $_SERVER.
+        $referer ??= request()->getServer('HTTP_REFERER', FILTER_SANITIZE_URL) ?? site_url('/');
 
         return $returnObject ? new URI($referer) : $referer;
     }
diff --git a/system/Honeypot/Honeypot.php b/system/Honeypot/Honeypot.php
index 6e08c9df8bfe..82da90020cac 100644
--- a/system/Honeypot/Honeypot.php
+++ b/system/Honeypot/Honeypot.php
@@ -19,6 +19,8 @@
 
 /**
  * class Honeypot
+ *
+ * @see \CodeIgniter\Honeypot\HoneypotTest
  */
 class Honeypot
 {
@@ -87,16 +89,16 @@ public function attachHoneypot(ResponseInterface $response)
 
         $prepField = $this->prepareTemplate($this->config->template);
 
-        $body = $response->getBody();
-        $body = str_ireplace('</form>', $prepField . '</form>', $body);
+        $bodyBefore = $response->getBody();
+        $bodyAfter  = str_ireplace('</form>', $prepField . '</form>', $bodyBefore);
 
-        if ($response->getCSP()->enabled()) {
+        if ($response->getCSP()->enabled() && ($bodyBefore !== $bodyAfter)) {
             // Add style tag for the container tag in the head tag.
-            $style = '<style ' . csp_style_nonce() . '>#' . $this->config->containerId . ' { display:none }</style>';
-            $body  = str_ireplace('</head>', $style . '</head>', $body);
+            $style     = '<style ' . csp_style_nonce() . '>#' . $this->config->containerId . ' { display:none }</style>';
+            $bodyAfter = str_ireplace('</head>', $style . '</head>', $bodyAfter);
         }
 
-        $response->setBody($body);
+        $response->setBody($bodyAfter);
     }
 
     /**
diff --git a/system/HotReloader/DirectoryHasher.php b/system/HotReloader/DirectoryHasher.php
index 3d9914d8c8f8..ba8d2bfbb891 100644
--- a/system/HotReloader/DirectoryHasher.php
+++ b/system/HotReloader/DirectoryHasher.php
@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@
 
 /**
  * @internal
+ * @see \CodeIgniter\HotReloader\DirectoryHasherTest
  */
 final class DirectoryHasher
 {
diff --git a/system/I18n/Time.php b/system/I18n/Time.php
index aedd00e71616..520f38eb90d1 100644
--- a/system/I18n/Time.php
+++ b/system/I18n/Time.php
@@ -20,6 +20,7 @@
  * Requires the intl PHP extension.
  *
  * @property string $date
+ * @see \CodeIgniter\I18n\TimeTest
  */
 class Time extends DateTimeImmutable
 {
diff --git a/system/I18n/TimeDifference.php b/system/I18n/TimeDifference.php
index 4b0e1aa595c1..c797a422d8c7 100644
--- a/system/I18n/TimeDifference.php
+++ b/system/I18n/TimeDifference.php
@@ -16,6 +16,8 @@
 
 /**
  * Class TimeDifference
+ *
+ * @see \CodeIgniter\I18n\TimeDifferenceTest
  */
 class TimeDifference
 {
diff --git a/system/I18n/TimeLegacy.php b/system/I18n/TimeLegacy.php
index 87d16fcd527d..7be9f80fac20 100644
--- a/system/I18n/TimeLegacy.php
+++ b/system/I18n/TimeLegacy.php
@@ -23,6 +23,7 @@
  * @property string $date
  *
  * @deprecated Use Time instead.
+ * @see \CodeIgniter\I18n\TimeLegacyTest
  */
 class TimeLegacy extends DateTime
 {
diff --git a/system/Images/Handlers/GDHandler.php b/system/Images/Handlers/GDHandler.php
index 99403a164137..15bb97b6b839 100644
--- a/system/Images/Handlers/GDHandler.php
+++ b/system/Images/Handlers/GDHandler.php
@@ -381,11 +381,11 @@ protected function _text(string $text, array $options = [])
         // offset flips itself automatically
 
         if ($options['vAlign'] === 'bottom') {
-            $options['vOffset'] = $options['vOffset'] * -1;
+            $options['vOffset'] *= -1;
         }
 
         if ($options['hAlign'] === 'right') {
-            $options['hOffset'] = $options['hOffset'] * -1;
+            $options['hOffset'] *= -1;
         }
 
         // Set font width and height
diff --git a/system/Images/Handlers/ImageMagickHandler.php b/system/Images/Handlers/ImageMagickHandler.php
index 3d7eea0504e6..857a273d5372 100644
--- a/system/Images/Handlers/ImageMagickHandler.php
+++ b/system/Images/Handlers/ImageMagickHandler.php
@@ -340,11 +340,11 @@ protected function _text(string $text, array $options = [])
         // invert the offset. Note: The horizontal
         // offset flips itself automatically
         if ($options['vAlign'] === 'bottom') {
-            $options['vOffset'] = $options['vOffset'] * -1;
+            $options['vOffset'] *= -1;
         }
 
         if ($options['hAlign'] === 'right') {
-            $options['hOffset'] = $options['hOffset'] * -1;
+            $options['hOffset'] *= -1;
         }
 
         // Font
diff --git a/system/Images/Image.php b/system/Images/Image.php
index bb348a7ca1b8..291ad002a6f2 100644
--- a/system/Images/Image.php
+++ b/system/Images/Image.php
@@ -16,6 +16,8 @@
 
 /**
  * Encapsulation of an Image file
+ *
+ * @see \CodeIgniter\Images\ImageTest
  */
 class Image extends File
 {
diff --git a/system/Language/Language.php b/system/Language/Language.php
index d5781b8c6e37..32eee39f2a13 100644
--- a/system/Language/Language.php
+++ b/system/Language/Language.php
@@ -12,12 +12,15 @@
 namespace CodeIgniter\Language;
 
 use Config\Services;
+use InvalidArgumentException;
 use MessageFormatter;
 
 /**
  * Handle system messages and localization.
  *
  * Locale-based, built on top of PHP internationalization.
+ *
+ * @see \CodeIgniter\Language\LanguageTest
  */
 class Language
 {
@@ -189,7 +192,14 @@ protected function formatMessage($message, array $args = [])
             return $message;
         }
 
-        return MessageFormatter::formatMessage($this->locale, $message, $args);
+        $formatted = MessageFormatter::formatMessage($this->locale, $message, $args);
+        if ($formatted === false) {
+            throw new InvalidArgumentException(
+                lang('Language.invalidMessageFormat', [$message, implode(',', $args)])
+            );
+        }
+
+        return $formatted;
     }
 
     /**
diff --git a/system/Language/en/Language.php b/system/Language/en/Language.php
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..80920b2f16d5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/system/Language/en/Language.php
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+// "Language" language settings
+return [
+    'invalidMessageFormat' => 'Invalid message format: "{0}", args: "{1}"',
+];
diff --git a/system/Log/Handlers/ChromeLoggerHandler.php b/system/Log/Handlers/ChromeLoggerHandler.php
index 3354e5fb2db8..b04d6f69238c 100644
--- a/system/Log/Handlers/ChromeLoggerHandler.php
+++ b/system/Log/Handlers/ChromeLoggerHandler.php
@@ -21,6 +21,7 @@
  * Requires the ChromeLogger extension installed in your browser.
  *
  * @see https://craig.is/writing/chrome-logger
+ * @see \CodeIgniter\Log\Handlers\ChromeLoggerHandlerTest
  */
 class ChromeLoggerHandler extends BaseHandler
 {
diff --git a/system/Log/Handlers/ErrorlogHandler.php b/system/Log/Handlers/ErrorlogHandler.php
index a3c9dfabb6e8..d9f3fc4e0a20 100644
--- a/system/Log/Handlers/ErrorlogHandler.php
+++ b/system/Log/Handlers/ErrorlogHandler.php
@@ -15,6 +15,8 @@
 
 /**
  * Log handler that writes to PHP's `error_log()`
+ *
+ * @see \CodeIgniter\Log\Handlers\ErrorlogHandlerTest
  */
 class ErrorlogHandler extends BaseHandler
 {
diff --git a/system/Log/Handlers/FileHandler.php b/system/Log/Handlers/FileHandler.php
index e80a6121c676..88e384781a70 100644
--- a/system/Log/Handlers/FileHandler.php
+++ b/system/Log/Handlers/FileHandler.php
@@ -16,6 +16,8 @@
 
 /**
  * Log error messages to file system
+ *
+ * @see \CodeIgniter\Log\Handlers\FileHandlerTest
  */
 class FileHandler extends BaseHandler
 {
diff --git a/system/Log/Logger.php b/system/Log/Logger.php
index 9643a82191c6..afd703147870 100644
--- a/system/Log/Logger.php
+++ b/system/Log/Logger.php
@@ -28,6 +28,8 @@
  * The context array can contain arbitrary data, the only assumption that
  * can be made by implementors is that if an Exception instance is given
  * to produce a stack trace, it MUST be in a key named "exception".
+ *
+ * @see \CodeIgniter\Log\LoggerTest
  */
 class Logger implements LoggerInterface
 {
@@ -123,7 +125,7 @@ public function __construct($config, bool $debug = CI_DEBUG)
 
         // Now convert loggable levels to strings.
         // We only use numbers to make the threshold setting convenient for users.
-        if ($this->loggableLevels) {
+        if ($this->loggableLevels !== []) {
             $temp = [];
 
             foreach ($this->loggableLevels as $level) {
diff --git a/system/Pager/Pager.php b/system/Pager/Pager.php
index 3a9f5a772f0a..b08cb00410fd 100644
--- a/system/Pager/Pager.php
+++ b/system/Pager/Pager.php
@@ -24,6 +24,8 @@
  * pagination links and reading the current url's query variable, "page"
  * to determine the current page. This class can support multiple
  * paginations on a single page.
+ *
+ * @see \CodeIgniter\Pager\PagerTest
  */
 class Pager implements PagerInterface
 {
@@ -134,7 +136,7 @@ protected function displayLinks(string $group, string $template): string
      */
     public function store(string $group, int $page, ?int $perPage, int $total, int $segment = 0)
     {
-        if ($segment) {
+        if ($segment !== 0) {
             $this->setSegment($segment, $group);
         }
 
@@ -407,7 +409,7 @@ protected function ensureGroup(string $group, ?int $perPage = null)
 
         $this->calculateCurrentPage($group);
 
-        if ($_GET) {
+        if ($_GET !== []) {
             $this->groups[$group]['uri'] = $this->groups[$group]['uri']->setQueryArray($_GET);
         }
     }
diff --git a/system/Pager/PagerRenderer.php b/system/Pager/PagerRenderer.php
index 024ffd095673..454ac9f1cd93 100644
--- a/system/Pager/PagerRenderer.php
+++ b/system/Pager/PagerRenderer.php
@@ -19,6 +19,8 @@
  * This class is passed to the view that describes the pagination,
  * and is used to get the link information and provide utility
  * methods needed to work with pagination.
+ *
+ * @see \CodeIgniter\Pager\PagerRendererTest
  */
 class PagerRenderer
 {
diff --git a/system/Publisher/ContentReplacer.php b/system/Publisher/ContentReplacer.php
index 76cef11336f1..accfdd716695 100644
--- a/system/Publisher/ContentReplacer.php
+++ b/system/Publisher/ContentReplacer.php
@@ -15,6 +15,8 @@
 
 /**
  * Replace Text Content
+ *
+ * @see \CodeIgniter\Publisher\ContentReplacerTest
  */
 class ContentReplacer
 {
diff --git a/system/RESTful/ResourceController.php b/system/RESTful/ResourceController.php
index 5c55bf5abac7..03ba4d314613 100644
--- a/system/RESTful/ResourceController.php
+++ b/system/RESTful/ResourceController.php
@@ -16,6 +16,8 @@
 
 /**
  * An extendable controller to provide a RESTful API for a resource.
+ *
+ * @see \CodeIgniter\RESTful\ResourceControllerTest
  */
 class ResourceController extends BaseResource
 {
diff --git a/system/RESTful/ResourcePresenter.php b/system/RESTful/ResourcePresenter.php
index 5aedb28d4ad8..8c39bd8a0050 100644
--- a/system/RESTful/ResourcePresenter.php
+++ b/system/RESTful/ResourcePresenter.php
@@ -15,6 +15,8 @@
 
 /**
  * An extendable controller to help provide a UI for a resource.
+ *
+ * @see \CodeIgniter\RESTful\ResourcePresenterTest
  */
 class ResourcePresenter extends BaseResource
 {
diff --git a/system/Router/AutoRouterImproved.php b/system/Router/AutoRouterImproved.php
index b6b81c70f2ef..0a26fc12f865 100644
--- a/system/Router/AutoRouterImproved.php
+++ b/system/Router/AutoRouterImproved.php
@@ -19,6 +19,8 @@
 
 /**
  * New Secure Router for Auto-Routing
+ *
+ * @see \CodeIgniter\Router\AutoRouterImprovedTest
  */
 final class AutoRouterImproved implements AutoRouterInterface
 {
diff --git a/system/Router/DefinedRouteCollector.php b/system/Router/DefinedRouteCollector.php
index 9d211415a8a0..f8e245d19723 100644
--- a/system/Router/DefinedRouteCollector.php
+++ b/system/Router/DefinedRouteCollector.php
@@ -16,6 +16,8 @@
 
 /**
  * Collect all defined routes for display.
+ *
+ * @see \CodeIgniter\Router\DefinedRouteCollectorTest
  */
 final class DefinedRouteCollector
 {
@@ -55,7 +57,7 @@ public function collect(): Generator
                         $handler = $view ? '(View) ' . $view : '(Closure)';
                     }
 
-                    $routeName = $this->routeCollection->getRoutesOptions($route)['as'] ?? $route;
+                    $routeName = $this->routeCollection->getRoutesOptions($route, $method)['as'] ?? $route;
 
                     yield [
                         'method'  => $method,
diff --git a/system/Router/RouteCollection.php b/system/Router/RouteCollection.php
index 8383280114b5..b3bb96e9fa2b 100644
--- a/system/Router/RouteCollection.php
+++ b/system/Router/RouteCollection.php
@@ -19,10 +19,10 @@
 use Config\Routing;
 use Config\Services;
 use InvalidArgumentException;
-use Locale;
 
 /**
  * @todo Implement nested resource routing (See CakePHP)
+ * @see \CodeIgniter\Router\RouteCollectionTest
  */
 class RouteCollection implements RouteCollectionInterface
 {
@@ -301,7 +301,8 @@ public function __construct(FileLocator $locator, Modules $moduleConfig, Routing
 
         // Normalize the path string in routeFiles array.
         foreach ($this->routeFiles as $routeKey => $routesFile) {
-            $this->routeFiles[$routeKey] = realpath($routesFile) ?: $routesFile;
+            $realpath                    = realpath($routesFile);
+            $this->routeFiles[$routeKey] = ($realpath === false) ? $routesFile : $realpath;
         }
     }
 
@@ -318,6 +319,10 @@ public function loadRoutes(string $routesFile = APPPATH . 'Config/Routes.php')
             return $this;
         }
 
+        // Normalize the path string in routesFile
+        $realpath   = realpath($routesFile);
+        $routesFile = ($realpath === false) ? $routesFile : $realpath;
+
         // Include the passed in routesFile if it doesn't exist.
         // Only keeping that around for BC purposes for now.
         $routeFiles = $this->routeFiles;
@@ -1150,6 +1155,10 @@ public function environment(string $env, Closure $callback): RouteCollectionInte
      */
     public function reverseRoute(string $search, ...$params)
     {
+        if ($search === '') {
+            return false;
+        }
+
         // Named routes get higher priority.
         foreach ($this->routesNames as $verb => $collection) {
             if (array_key_exists($search, $collection)) {
@@ -1292,9 +1301,16 @@ protected function fillRouteParams(string $from, ?array $params = null): string
             return '/' . ltrim($from, '/');
         }
 
-        // Build our resulting string, inserting the $params in
-        // the appropriate places.
-        foreach ($matches[0] as $index => $pattern) {
+        /**
+         * Build our resulting string, inserting the $params in
+         * the appropriate places.
+         *
+         * @var array<int, string> $patterns
+         * @phpstan-var list<string> $patterns
+         */
+        $patterns = $matches[0];
+
+        foreach ($patterns as $index => $pattern) {
             if (! preg_match('#^' . $pattern . '$#u', $params[$index])) {
                 throw RouterException::forInvalidParameterType();
             }
@@ -1337,9 +1353,16 @@ protected function buildReverseRoute(string $from, array $params): string
             $locale = $params[$placeholderCount];
         }
 
-        // Build our resulting string, inserting the $params in
-        // the appropriate places.
-        foreach ($matches[0] as $index => $placeholder) {
+        /**
+         * Build our resulting string, inserting the $params in
+         * the appropriate places.
+         *
+         * @var array<int, string> $placeholders
+         * @phpstan-var list<string> $placeholders
+         */
+        $placeholders = $matches[0];
+
+        foreach ($placeholders as $index => $placeholder) {
             if (! isset($params[$index])) {
                 throw new InvalidArgumentException(
                     'Missing argument for "' . $placeholder . '" in route "' . $from . '".'
@@ -1680,7 +1703,7 @@ public function resetRoutes()
      */
     protected function loadRoutesOptions(?string $verb = null): array
     {
-        $verb = $verb ?: $this->getHTTPVerb();
+        $verb ??= $this->getHTTPVerb();
 
         $options = $this->routesOptions[$verb] ?? [];
 
diff --git a/system/Router/Router.php b/system/Router/Router.php
index bd57435f8020..0013d7cdf920 100644
--- a/system/Router/Router.php
+++ b/system/Router/Router.php
@@ -21,6 +21,8 @@
 
 /**
  * Request router.
+ *
+ * @see \CodeIgniter\Router\RouterTest
  */
 class Router implements RouterInterface
 {
diff --git a/system/Security/Security.php b/system/Security/Security.php
index c67c13ce0c1c..4ba665639f36 100644
--- a/system/Security/Security.php
+++ b/system/Security/Security.php
@@ -30,6 +30,8 @@
  *
  * Provides methods that help protect your site against
  * Cross-Site Request Forgery attacks.
+ *
+ * @see \CodeIgniter\Security\SecurityTest
  */
 class Security implements SecurityInterface
 {
@@ -316,16 +318,23 @@ private function removeTokenInRequest(RequestInterface $request): void
     {
         assert($request instanceof Request);
 
-        $json = json_decode($request->getBody() ?? '');
-
         if (isset($_POST[$this->config->tokenName])) {
             // We kill this since we're done and we don't want to pollute the POST array.
             unset($_POST[$this->config->tokenName]);
             $request->setGlobal('post', $_POST);
-        } elseif (isset($json->{$this->config->tokenName})) {
-            // We kill this since we're done and we don't want to pollute the JSON data.
-            unset($json->{$this->config->tokenName});
-            $request->setBody(json_encode($json));
+        } else {
+            $body = $request->getBody() ?? '';
+            $json = json_decode($body);
+            if ($json !== null && json_last_error() === JSON_ERROR_NONE) {
+                // We kill this since we're done and we don't want to pollute the JSON data.
+                unset($json->{$this->config->tokenName});
+                $request->setBody(json_encode($json));
+            } else {
+                parse_str($body, $parsed);
+                // We kill this since we're done and we don't want to pollute the BODY data.
+                unset($parsed[$this->config->tokenName]);
+                $request->setBody(http_build_query($parsed));
+            }
         }
     }
 
@@ -333,21 +342,29 @@ private function getPostedToken(RequestInterface $request): ?string
     {
         assert($request instanceof IncomingRequest);
 
-        // Does the token exist in POST, HEADER or optionally php:://input - json data.
+        // Does the token exist in POST, HEADER or optionally php:://input - json data or PUT, DELETE, PATCH - raw data.
 
         if ($tokenValue = $request->getPost($this->config->tokenName)) {
             return $tokenValue;
         }
 
-        if ($request->hasHeader($this->config->headerName) && ! empty($request->header($this->config->headerName)->getValue())) {
+        if ($request->hasHeader($this->config->headerName)
+            && $request->header($this->config->headerName)->getValue() !== ''
+            && $request->header($this->config->headerName)->getValue() !== []) {
             return $request->header($this->config->headerName)->getValue();
         }
 
         $body = (string) $request->getBody();
-        $json = json_decode($body);
 
-        if ($body !== '' && ! empty($json) && json_last_error() === JSON_ERROR_NONE) {
-            return $json->{$this->config->tokenName} ?? null;
+        if ($body !== '') {
+            $json = json_decode($body);
+            if ($json !== null && json_last_error() === JSON_ERROR_NONE) {
+                return $json->{$this->config->tokenName} ?? null;
+            }
+
+            parse_str($body, $parsed);
+
+            return $parsed[$this->config->tokenName] ?? null;
         }
 
         return null;
diff --git a/system/Session/Handlers/Database/MySQLiHandler.php b/system/Session/Handlers/Database/MySQLiHandler.php
index fabaae451e6a..380041aab67b 100644
--- a/system/Session/Handlers/Database/MySQLiHandler.php
+++ b/system/Session/Handlers/Database/MySQLiHandler.php
@@ -15,6 +15,8 @@
 
 /**
  * Session handler for MySQLi
+ *
+ * @see \CodeIgniter\Session\Handlers\Database\MySQLiHandlerTest
  */
 class MySQLiHandler extends DatabaseHandler
 {
diff --git a/system/Session/Handlers/Database/PostgreHandler.php b/system/Session/Handlers/Database/PostgreHandler.php
index 963aa27cdb35..0c140fea70c3 100644
--- a/system/Session/Handlers/Database/PostgreHandler.php
+++ b/system/Session/Handlers/Database/PostgreHandler.php
@@ -17,6 +17,8 @@
 
 /**
  * Session handler for Postgre
+ *
+ * @see \CodeIgniter\Session\Handlers\Database\PostgreHandlerTest
  */
 class PostgreHandler extends DatabaseHandler
 {
diff --git a/system/Session/Handlers/RedisHandler.php b/system/Session/Handlers/RedisHandler.php
index a85a16c68ca5..815e3644984b 100644
--- a/system/Session/Handlers/RedisHandler.php
+++ b/system/Session/Handlers/RedisHandler.php
@@ -223,7 +223,7 @@ public function close(): bool
 
                 if (($pingReply === true) || ($pingReply === '+PONG')) {
                     if (isset($this->lockKey)) {
-                        $this->redis->del($this->lockKey);
+                        $this->releaseLock();
                     }
 
                     if (! $this->redis->close()) {
diff --git a/system/Session/Session.php b/system/Session/Session.php
index fcdaee1ebce8..4e4a01581ba2 100644
--- a/system/Session/Session.php
+++ b/system/Session/Session.php
@@ -13,7 +13,6 @@
 
 use CodeIgniter\Cookie\Cookie;
 use CodeIgniter\I18n\Time;
-use Config\App;
 use Config\Cookie as CookieConfig;
 use Config\Services;
 use Config\Session as SessionConfig;
@@ -27,6 +26,7 @@
  * variables in app/config/App.php
  *
  * @property string $session_id
+ * @see \CodeIgniter\Session\SessionTest
  */
 class Session implements SessionInterface
 {
diff --git a/system/Superglobals.php b/system/Superglobals.php
index b126af130f34..c4386353315b 100644
--- a/system/Superglobals.php
+++ b/system/Superglobals.php
@@ -15,6 +15,7 @@
  * Superglobals manipulation.
  *
  * @internal
+ * @see \CodeIgniter\SuperglobalsTest
  */
 final class Superglobals
 {
diff --git a/system/Test/ControllerTestTrait.php b/system/Test/ControllerTestTrait.php
index 7e4091be6175..2da65d1aa2f7 100644
--- a/system/Test/ControllerTestTrait.php
+++ b/system/Test/ControllerTestTrait.php
@@ -105,11 +105,11 @@ protected function setUpControllerTestTrait(): void
         }
 
         if (empty($this->request)) {
-            // Do some acrobatics so we can use the Request service with our own URI
+            // Do some acrobatics, so we can use the Request service with our own URI
             $tempUri = Services::uri();
             Services::injectMock('uri', $this->uri);
 
-            $this->withRequest(Services::request($this->appConfig, false));
+            $this->withRequest(Services::incomingrequest($this->appConfig, false));
 
             // Restore the URI service
             Services::injectMock('uri', $tempUri);
diff --git a/system/Test/ControllerTester.php b/system/Test/ControllerTester.php
index 2fff82eeceb1..c01e6a8ba2f3 100644
--- a/system/Test/ControllerTester.php
+++ b/system/Test/ControllerTester.php
@@ -108,7 +108,7 @@ protected function setUpControllerTester(): void
             $tempUri = Services::uri();
             Services::injectMock('uri', $this->uri);
 
-            $this->withRequest(Services::request($this->appConfig, false)->setBody($this->body));
+            $this->withRequest(Services::incomingrequest($this->appConfig, false)->setBody($this->body));
 
             // Restore the URI service
             Services::injectMock('uri', $tempUri);
diff --git a/system/Test/DOMParser.php b/system/Test/DOMParser.php
index 54762643e38d..100b14b72dff 100644
--- a/system/Test/DOMParser.php
+++ b/system/Test/DOMParser.php
@@ -19,6 +19,8 @@
 
 /**
  * Load a response into a DOMDocument for testing assertions based on that
+ *
+ * @see \CodeIgniter\Test\DOMParserTest
  */
 class DOMParser
 {
diff --git a/system/Test/Fabricator.php b/system/Test/Fabricator.php
index 6c9e82ff5c00..3a28f281d127 100644
--- a/system/Test/Fabricator.php
+++ b/system/Test/Fabricator.php
@@ -25,6 +25,8 @@
  *
  * Bridge class for using Faker to create example data based on
  * model specifications.
+ *
+ * @see \CodeIgniter\Test\FabricatorTest
  */
 class Fabricator
 {
diff --git a/system/Test/FeatureTestCase.php b/system/Test/FeatureTestCase.php
index 02835391ca48..c94cf926ca89 100644
--- a/system/Test/FeatureTestCase.php
+++ b/system/Test/FeatureTestCase.php
@@ -15,10 +15,8 @@
 use CodeIgniter\HTTP\CLIRequest;
 use CodeIgniter\HTTP\Exceptions\RedirectException;
 use CodeIgniter\HTTP\IncomingRequest;
-use CodeIgniter\HTTP\Request;
 use CodeIgniter\HTTP\URI;
 use CodeIgniter\HTTP\UserAgent;
-use CodeIgniter\Router\RouteCollection;
 use Config\App;
 use Config\Services;
 use Exception;
@@ -57,7 +55,7 @@ protected function withRoutes(?array $routes = null)
     {
         $collection = Services::routes();
 
-        if ($routes) {
+        if ($routes !== null) {
             $collection->resetRoutes();
 
             foreach ($routes as $route) {
diff --git a/system/Test/FeatureTestTrait.php b/system/Test/FeatureTestTrait.php
index 23e56990b45b..6acef638f6b3 100644
--- a/system/Test/FeatureTestTrait.php
+++ b/system/Test/FeatureTestTrait.php
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ protected function withRoutes(?array $routes = null)
     {
         $collection = Services::routes();
 
-        if ($routes) {
+        if ($routes !== null) {
             $collection->resetRoutes();
 
             foreach ($routes as $route) {
@@ -289,7 +289,7 @@ protected function setupRequest(string $method, ?string $path = null): IncomingR
 
         Services::injectMock('uri', $uri);
 
-        $request = Services::request($config, false);
+        $request = Services::incomingrequest($config, false);
 
         $request->setMethod($method);
         $request->setProtocolVersion('1.1');
diff --git a/system/Test/ReflectionHelper.php b/system/Test/ReflectionHelper.php
index 8ada8e76da59..4c25e3decd89 100644
--- a/system/Test/ReflectionHelper.php
+++ b/system/Test/ReflectionHelper.php
@@ -74,7 +74,12 @@ private static function getAccessibleRefProperty($obj, $property)
     public static function setPrivateProperty($obj, $property, $value)
     {
         $refProperty = self::getAccessibleRefProperty($obj, $property);
-        $refProperty->setValue($obj, $value);
+
+        if (is_object($obj)) {
+            $refProperty->setValue($obj, $value);
+        } else {
+            $refProperty->setValue(null, $value);
+        }
     }
 
     /**
diff --git a/system/Test/TestLogger.php b/system/Test/TestLogger.php
index 989fb6ef5c13..240f5c6d95b5 100644
--- a/system/Test/TestLogger.php
+++ b/system/Test/TestLogger.php
@@ -13,6 +13,9 @@
 
 use CodeIgniter\Log\Logger;
 
+/**
+ * @see \CodeIgniter\Test\TestLoggerTest
+ */
 class TestLogger extends Logger
 {
     protected static $op_logs = [];
diff --git a/system/Test/TestResponse.php b/system/Test/TestResponse.php
index d66728c5d0db..956b32188ac8 100644
--- a/system/Test/TestResponse.php
+++ b/system/Test/TestResponse.php
@@ -31,6 +31,7 @@
  * @internal
  *
  * @mixin DOMParser
+ * @see \CodeIgniter\Test\TestResponseTest
  */
 class TestResponse extends TestCase
 {
diff --git a/system/Throttle/Throttler.php b/system/Throttle/Throttler.php
index dc0844fa4cb8..0a10c02335f2 100644
--- a/system/Throttle/Throttler.php
+++ b/system/Throttle/Throttler.php
@@ -127,7 +127,7 @@ public function check(string $key, int $capacity, int $seconds, int $cost = 1):
         // If $tokens >= 1, then we are safe to perform the action, but
         // we need to decrement the number of available tokens.
         if ($tokens >= 1) {
-            $tokens = $tokens - $cost;
+            $tokens -= $cost;
             $this->cache->save($tokenName, $tokens, $seconds);
             $this->cache->save($tokenName . 'Time', $this->time(), $seconds);
 
diff --git a/system/Typography/Typography.php b/system/Typography/Typography.php
index fb05b68faefe..fd763cd52e86 100644
--- a/system/Typography/Typography.php
+++ b/system/Typography/Typography.php
@@ -15,6 +15,8 @@
 
 /**
  * Typography Class
+ *
+ * @see \CodeIgniter\Typography\TypographyTest
  */
 class Typography
 {
diff --git a/system/Validation/CreditCardRules.php b/system/Validation/CreditCardRules.php
index 8b0e3842a128..61f59d7bfe86 100644
--- a/system/Validation/CreditCardRules.php
+++ b/system/Validation/CreditCardRules.php
@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@
  * Provides validation methods for common credit-card inputs.
  *
  * @see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Credit_card_number
+ * @see \CodeIgniter\Validation\CreditCardRulesTest
  */
 class CreditCardRules
 {
diff --git a/system/Validation/DotArrayFilter.php b/system/Validation/DotArrayFilter.php
index cead4f6bb414..43cb19370784 100644
--- a/system/Validation/DotArrayFilter.php
+++ b/system/Validation/DotArrayFilter.php
@@ -11,6 +11,9 @@
 
 namespace CodeIgniter\Validation;
 
+/**
+ * @see \CodeIgniter\Validation\DotArrayFilterTest
+ */
 final class DotArrayFilter
 {
     /**
diff --git a/system/Validation/FileRules.php b/system/Validation/FileRules.php
index ba054d134b6b..ce0ed8140d42 100644
--- a/system/Validation/FileRules.php
+++ b/system/Validation/FileRules.php
@@ -13,7 +13,6 @@
 
 use CodeIgniter\HTTP\CLIRequest;
 use CodeIgniter\HTTP\IncomingRequest;
-use CodeIgniter\HTTP\Request;
 use CodeIgniter\HTTP\RequestInterface;
 use Config\Mimes;
 use Config\Services;
@@ -21,6 +20,8 @@
 
 /**
  * File validation rules
+ *
+ * @see \CodeIgniter\Validation\FileRulesTest
  */
 class FileRules
 {
diff --git a/system/Validation/FormatRules.php b/system/Validation/FormatRules.php
index 485b9efec2df..5089f5a0961f 100644
--- a/system/Validation/FormatRules.php
+++ b/system/Validation/FormatRules.php
@@ -15,6 +15,8 @@
 
 /**
  * Format validation Rules.
+ *
+ * @see \CodeIgniter\Validation\FormatRulesTest
  */
 class FormatRules
 {
diff --git a/system/Validation/Rules.php b/system/Validation/Rules.php
index e85b7443088e..b7c585f56c30 100644
--- a/system/Validation/Rules.php
+++ b/system/Validation/Rules.php
@@ -16,6 +16,8 @@
 
 /**
  * Validation Rules.
+ *
+ * @see \CodeIgniter\Validation\RulesTest
  */
 class Rules
 {
diff --git a/system/Validation/StrictRules/CreditCardRules.php b/system/Validation/StrictRules/CreditCardRules.php
index 2cbc1438cf17..2ceacdc6fc37 100644
--- a/system/Validation/StrictRules/CreditCardRules.php
+++ b/system/Validation/StrictRules/CreditCardRules.php
@@ -21,6 +21,7 @@
  * Provides validation methods for common credit-card inputs.
  *
  * @see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Credit_card_number
+ * @see \CodeIgniter\Validation\StrictRules\CreditCardRulesTest
  */
 class CreditCardRules
 {
diff --git a/system/Validation/StrictRules/FileRules.php b/system/Validation/StrictRules/FileRules.php
index 401771cf6cfa..e86b84e99bfe 100644
--- a/system/Validation/StrictRules/FileRules.php
+++ b/system/Validation/StrictRules/FileRules.php
@@ -17,6 +17,8 @@
 
 /**
  * File validation rules
+ *
+ * @see \CodeIgniter\Validation\StrictRules\FileRulesTest
  */
 class FileRules extends NonStrictFileRules
 {
diff --git a/system/Validation/StrictRules/FormatRules.php b/system/Validation/StrictRules/FormatRules.php
index facb28664b2a..c186a75b2694 100644
--- a/system/Validation/StrictRules/FormatRules.php
+++ b/system/Validation/StrictRules/FormatRules.php
@@ -17,6 +17,8 @@
 
 /**
  * Format validation Rules.
+ *
+ * @see \CodeIgniter\Validation\StrictRules\FormatRulesTest
  */
 class FormatRules
 {
diff --git a/system/Validation/StrictRules/Rules.php b/system/Validation/StrictRules/Rules.php
index cdc20f5e2e4e..7043646c1f58 100644
--- a/system/Validation/StrictRules/Rules.php
+++ b/system/Validation/StrictRules/Rules.php
@@ -18,6 +18,8 @@
 
 /**
  * Validation Rules.
+ *
+ * @see \CodeIgniter\Validation\StrictRules\RulesTest
  */
 class Rules
 {
diff --git a/system/Validation/Validation.php b/system/Validation/Validation.php
index bfb89cef5649..ad95cde7bc6b 100644
--- a/system/Validation/Validation.php
+++ b/system/Validation/Validation.php
@@ -24,6 +24,8 @@
 
 /**
  * Validator
+ *
+ * @see \CodeIgniter\Validation\ValidationTest
  */
 class Validation implements ValidationInterface
 {
@@ -523,7 +525,7 @@ public function setRule(string $field, ?string $label, $rules, array $errors = [
             ],
         ];
 
-        if ($errors) {
+        if ($errors !== []) {
             $ruleSet[$field]['errors'] = $errors;
         }
 
@@ -771,7 +773,7 @@ protected function fillPlaceholders(array $rules, array $data): array
 
                         // Check if the rule does not have placeholders
                         foreach ($placeholderRules as $placeholderRule) {
-                            if ($this->retrievePlaceholders($placeholderRule, $data)) {
+                            if ($this->retrievePlaceholders($placeholderRule, $data) !== []) {
                                 throw new LogicException(
                                     'The placeholder field cannot use placeholder: ' . $field
                                 );
diff --git a/system/View/Cell.php b/system/View/Cell.php
index 223d694f6308..f654e97a376d 100644
--- a/system/View/Cell.php
+++ b/system/View/Cell.php
@@ -43,6 +43,8 @@
  *         class Class {
  *             function method(array $params=null)
  *         }
+ *
+ * @see \CodeIgniter\View\CellTest
  */
 class Cell
 {
diff --git a/system/View/Parser.php b/system/View/Parser.php
index b9abf91edb5f..120570079d2b 100644
--- a/system/View/Parser.php
+++ b/system/View/Parser.php
@@ -19,6 +19,11 @@
 
 /**
  * Class for parsing pseudo-vars
+ *
+ * @phpstan-type ParserCallable (callable(mixed): mixed)
+ * @phpstan-type ParserCallableString (callable(mixed): mixed)&string
+ *
+ * @see \CodeIgniter\View\ParserTest
  */
 class Parser extends View
 {
@@ -58,7 +63,8 @@ class Parser extends View
     /**
      * Stores any plugins registered at run-time.
      *
-     * @var array
+     * @var array<string, array<string>|callable|string>
+     * @phpstan-var array<string, array<ParserCallableString>|ParserCallableString|ParserCallable>
      */
     protected $plugins = [];
 
@@ -78,7 +84,7 @@ class Parser extends View
     public function __construct(ViewConfig $config, ?string $viewPath = null, $loader = null, ?bool $debug = null, ?LoggerInterface $logger = null)
     {
         // Ensure user plugins override core plugins.
-        $this->plugins = $config->plugins ?? [];
+        $this->plugins = $config->plugins;
 
         parent::__construct($config, $viewPath, $loader, $debug, $logger);
     }
diff --git a/system/View/Table.php b/system/View/Table.php
index e2bacac17938..df0fbebd2bc5 100644
--- a/system/View/Table.php
+++ b/system/View/Table.php
@@ -17,6 +17,8 @@
  * HTML Table Generating Class
  *
  * Lets you create tables manually or from database result objects, or arrays.
+ *
+ * @see \CodeIgniter\View\TableTest
  */
 class Table
 {
diff --git a/system/View/View.php b/system/View/View.php
index 6c633482fcce..9d84e969da5b 100644
--- a/system/View/View.php
+++ b/system/View/View.php
@@ -23,6 +23,8 @@
 
 /**
  * Class View
+ *
+ * @see \CodeIgniter\View\ViewTest
  */
 class View implements RendererInterface
 {
@@ -334,7 +336,7 @@ public function excerpt(string $string, int $length = 20): string
      */
     public function setData(array $data = [], ?string $context = null): RendererInterface
     {
-        if ($context) {
+        if ($context !== null) {
             $data = \esc($data, $context);
         }
 
@@ -354,7 +356,7 @@ public function setData(array $data = [], ?string $context = null): RendererInte
      */
     public function setVar(string $name, $value = null, ?string $context = null): RendererInterface
     {
-        if ($context) {
+        if ($context !== null) {
             $value = esc($value, $context);
         }
 
diff --git a/system/bootstrap.php b/system/bootstrap.php
index 41736590a927..5d2ca0b225c3 100644
--- a/system/bootstrap.php
+++ b/system/bootstrap.php
@@ -104,17 +104,3 @@
 // Initialize and register the loader with the SPL autoloader stack.
 Services::autoloader()->initialize(new Autoload(), new Modules())->register();
 Services::autoloader()->loadHelpers();
-
-// Now load Composer's if it's available
-if (is_file(COMPOSER_PATH)) {
-    /*
-     * The path to the vendor directory.
-     *
-     * We do not want to enforce this, so set the constant if Composer was used.
-     */
-    if (! defined('VENDORPATH')) {
-        define('VENDORPATH', dirname(COMPOSER_PATH) . DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR);
-    }
-
-    require_once COMPOSER_PATH;
-}
diff --git a/tests/_support/View/Cells/MultiplierCell.php b/tests/_support/View/Cells/MultiplierCell.php
index 59bf7d3d96c5..81f6b4908e7a 100644
--- a/tests/_support/View/Cells/MultiplierCell.php
+++ b/tests/_support/View/Cells/MultiplierCell.php
@@ -20,6 +20,6 @@ class MultiplierCell extends Cell
 
     public function mount(): void
     {
-        $this->value = $this->value * $this->multiplier;
+        $this->value *= $this->multiplier;
     }
 }
diff --git a/tests/system/CLI/CLITest.php b/tests/system/CLI/CLITest.php
index e7a9264c8791..f0f455f8aeb7 100644
--- a/tests/system/CLI/CLITest.php
+++ b/tests/system/CLI/CLITest.php
@@ -438,13 +438,13 @@ public function testWindow(): void
     {
         $height = new ReflectionProperty(CLI::class, 'height');
         $height->setAccessible(true);
-        $height->setValue(null);
+        $height->setValue(null, null);
 
         $this->assertIsInt(CLI::getHeight());
 
         $width = new ReflectionProperty(CLI::class, 'width');
         $width->setAccessible(true);
-        $width->setValue(null);
+        $width->setValue(null, null);
 
         $this->assertIsInt(CLI::getWidth());
     }
diff --git a/tests/system/CodeIgniterTest.php b/tests/system/CodeIgniterTest.php
index 5fae784b51c5..54ea3d10445c 100644
--- a/tests/system/CodeIgniterTest.php
+++ b/tests/system/CodeIgniterTest.php
@@ -27,6 +27,8 @@
 use Tests\Support\Filters\Customfilter;
 
 /**
+ * @runTestsInSeparateProcesses
+ *
  * @backupGlobals enabled
  *
  * @internal
diff --git a/tests/system/Commands/RoutesTest.php b/tests/system/Commands/RoutesTest.php
index 059ce964d5e0..9cd24cbe0f6b 100644
--- a/tests/system/Commands/RoutesTest.php
+++ b/tests/system/Commands/RoutesTest.php
@@ -198,46 +198,28 @@ public function testRoutesCommandRouteLegacy(): void
         $routes->loadRoutes();
 
         $routes->setAutoRoute(true);
-        $namespace = 'Tests\Support\Controllers';
-        $routes->setDefaultNamespace($namespace);
 
         command('routes');
 
         $expected = <<<'EOL'
-            +---------+-------------------------------+---------------+-----------------------------------------------------+----------------+---------------+
-            | Method  | Route                         | Name          | Handler                                             | Before Filters | After Filters |
-            +---------+-------------------------------+---------------+-----------------------------------------------------+----------------+---------------+
-            | GET     | /                             | »             | \App\Controllers\Home::index                        |                | toolbar       |
-            | GET     | closure                       | »             | (Closure)                                           |                | toolbar       |
-            | GET     | testing                       | testing-index | \App\Controllers\TestController::index              |                | toolbar       |
-            | HEAD    | testing                       | testing-index | \App\Controllers\TestController::index              |                | toolbar       |
-            | POST    | testing                       | testing-index | \App\Controllers\TestController::index              |                | toolbar       |
-            | PUT     | testing                       | testing-index | \App\Controllers\TestController::index              |                | toolbar       |
-            | DELETE  | testing                       | testing-index | \App\Controllers\TestController::index              |                | toolbar       |
-            | OPTIONS | testing                       | testing-index | \App\Controllers\TestController::index              |                | toolbar       |
-            | TRACE   | testing                       | testing-index | \App\Controllers\TestController::index              |                | toolbar       |
-            | CONNECT | testing                       | testing-index | \App\Controllers\TestController::index              |                | toolbar       |
-            | CLI     | testing                       | testing-index | \App\Controllers\TestController::index              |                |               |
-            | auto    | hello                         |               | \Tests\Support\Controllers\Hello::index             |                | toolbar       |
-            | auto    | hello/index[/...]             |               | \Tests\Support\Controllers\Hello::index             |                | toolbar       |
-            | auto    | newautorouting/getIndex[/...] |               | \Tests\Support\Controllers\Newautorouting::getIndex |                | toolbar       |
-            | auto    | newautorouting/postSave[/...] |               | \Tests\Support\Controllers\Newautorouting::postSave |                | toolbar       |
-            | auto    | popcorn                       |               | \Tests\Support\Controllers\Popcorn::index           |                | toolbar       |
-            | auto    | popcorn/index[/...]           |               | \Tests\Support\Controllers\Popcorn::index           |                | toolbar       |
-            | auto    | popcorn/pop[/...]             |               | \Tests\Support\Controllers\Popcorn::pop             |                | toolbar       |
-            | auto    | popcorn/popper[/...]          |               | \Tests\Support\Controllers\Popcorn::popper          |                | toolbar       |
-            | auto    | popcorn/weasel[/...]          |               | \Tests\Support\Controllers\Popcorn::weasel          |                | toolbar       |
-            | auto    | popcorn/oops[/...]            |               | \Tests\Support\Controllers\Popcorn::oops            |                | toolbar       |
-            | auto    | popcorn/goaway[/...]          |               | \Tests\Support\Controllers\Popcorn::goaway          |                | toolbar       |
-            | auto    | popcorn/index3[/...]          |               | \Tests\Support\Controllers\Popcorn::index3          |                | toolbar       |
-            | auto    | popcorn/canyon[/...]          |               | \Tests\Support\Controllers\Popcorn::canyon          |                | toolbar       |
-            | auto    | popcorn/cat[/...]             |               | \Tests\Support\Controllers\Popcorn::cat             |                | toolbar       |
-            | auto    | popcorn/json[/...]            |               | \Tests\Support\Controllers\Popcorn::json            |                | toolbar       |
-            | auto    | popcorn/xml[/...]             |               | \Tests\Support\Controllers\Popcorn::xml             |                | toolbar       |
-            | auto    | popcorn/toindex[/...]         |               | \Tests\Support\Controllers\Popcorn::toindex         |                | toolbar       |
-            | auto    | popcorn/echoJson[/...]        |               | \Tests\Support\Controllers\Popcorn::echoJson        |                | toolbar       |
-            | auto    | remap[/...]                   |               | \Tests\Support\Controllers\Remap::_remap            |                | toolbar       |
-            +---------+-------------------------------+---------------+-----------------------------------------------------+----------------+---------------+
+            +---------+------------------+---------------+----------------------------------------+----------------+---------------+
+            | Method  | Route            | Name          | Handler                                | Before Filters | After Filters |
+            +---------+------------------+---------------+----------------------------------------+----------------+---------------+
+            | GET     | /                | »             | \App\Controllers\Home::index           |                | toolbar       |
+            | GET     | closure          | »             | (Closure)                              |                | toolbar       |
+            | GET     | testing          | testing-index | \App\Controllers\TestController::index |                | toolbar       |
+            | HEAD    | testing          | testing-index | \App\Controllers\TestController::index |                | toolbar       |
+            | POST    | testing          | testing-index | \App\Controllers\TestController::index |                | toolbar       |
+            | PUT     | testing          | testing-index | \App\Controllers\TestController::index |                | toolbar       |
+            | DELETE  | testing          | testing-index | \App\Controllers\TestController::index |                | toolbar       |
+            | OPTIONS | testing          | testing-index | \App\Controllers\TestController::index |                | toolbar       |
+            | TRACE   | testing          | testing-index | \App\Controllers\TestController::index |                | toolbar       |
+            | CONNECT | testing          | testing-index | \App\Controllers\TestController::index |                | toolbar       |
+            | CLI     | testing          | testing-index | \App\Controllers\TestController::index |                |               |
+            | auto    | /                |               | \App\Controllers\Home::index           |                | toolbar       |
+            | auto    | home             |               | \App\Controllers\Home::index           |                | toolbar       |
+            | auto    | home/index[/...] |               | \App\Controllers\Home::index           |                | toolbar       |
+            +---------+------------------+---------------+----------------------------------------+----------------+---------------+
             EOL;
         $this->assertStringContainsString($expected, $this->getBuffer());
     }
diff --git a/tests/system/Config/FactoriesTest.php b/tests/system/Config/FactoriesTest.php
index b53c1e9133e5..6f74414def4e 100644
--- a/tests/system/Config/FactoriesTest.php
+++ b/tests/system/Config/FactoriesTest.php
@@ -429,7 +429,7 @@ public function testGetComponentInstances()
     public function testSetComponentInstances(array $data)
     {
         $before = Factories::getComponentInstances('config');
-        $this->assertSame(['aliases' => [], 'instances' => []], $before);
+        $this->assertSame(['options' => [], 'aliases' => [], 'instances' => []], $before);
 
         Factories::setComponentInstances('config', $data);
 
diff --git a/tests/system/Database/BaseConnectionTest.php b/tests/system/Database/BaseConnectionTest.php
index 1d629832bf6c..51f92a747884 100644
--- a/tests/system/Database/BaseConnectionTest.php
+++ b/tests/system/Database/BaseConnectionTest.php
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ final class BaseConnectionTest extends CIUnitTestCase
         'DBDriver' => 'MockDriver',
         'DBPrefix' => 'test_',
         'pConnect' => true,
-        'DBDebug'  => (ENVIRONMENT !== 'production'),
+        'DBDebug'  => true,
         'charset'  => 'utf8',
         'DBCollat' => 'utf8_general_ci',
         'swapPre'  => '',
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ final class BaseConnectionTest extends CIUnitTestCase
         'DBDriver' => 'MockDriver',
         'DBPrefix' => 'test_',
         'pConnect' => true,
-        'DBDebug'  => (ENVIRONMENT !== 'production'),
+        'DBDebug'  => true,
         'charset'  => 'utf8',
         'DBCollat' => 'utf8_general_ci',
         'swapPre'  => '',
@@ -122,7 +122,7 @@ public function testStoresConnectionTimings(): void
         $db->initialize();
 
         $this->assertGreaterThan($start, $db->getConnectStart());
-        $this->assertGreaterThan(0.0, $db->getConnectDuration());
+        $this->assertGreaterThanOrEqual(0.0, $db->getConnectDuration());
     }
 
     /**
diff --git a/tests/system/Database/ConfigTest.php b/tests/system/Database/ConfigTest.php
index 37ecfeb6f5e2..e5fb383bc543 100644
--- a/tests/system/Database/ConfigTest.php
+++ b/tests/system/Database/ConfigTest.php
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ final class ConfigTest extends CIUnitTestCase
         'DBDriver' => 'MySQLi',
         'DBPrefix' => 'test_',
         'pConnect' => true,
-        'DBDebug'  => (ENVIRONMENT !== 'production'),
+        'DBDebug'  => true,
         'charset'  => 'utf8',
         'DBCollat' => 'utf8_general_ci',
         'swapPre'  => '',
@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ final class ConfigTest extends CIUnitTestCase
         'DBDriver' => 'SQLite3',
         'DBPrefix' => 't_',
         'pConnect' => false,
-        'DBDebug'  => (ENVIRONMENT !== 'production'),
+        'DBDebug'  => true,
         'charset'  => 'utf8',
         'DBCollat' => 'utf8_general_ci',
         'swapPre'  => '',
@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@ final class ConfigTest extends CIUnitTestCase
         'DBDriver' => 'SQLite3',
         'DBPrefix' => 't_',
         'pConnect' => false,
-        'DBDebug'  => (ENVIRONMENT !== 'production'),
+        'DBDebug'  => true,
         'charset'  => 'utf8',
         'DBCollat' => 'utf8_general_ci',
         'swapPre'  => '',
@@ -89,7 +89,7 @@ final class ConfigTest extends CIUnitTestCase
         'DBDriver' => 'Postgre',
         'DBPrefix' => 't_',
         'pConnect' => false,
-        'DBDebug'  => (ENVIRONMENT !== 'production'),
+        'DBDebug'  => true,
         'charset'  => 'utf8',
         'DBCollat' => 'utf8_general_ci',
         'swapPre'  => '',
diff --git a/tests/system/Database/Live/ForgeTest.php b/tests/system/Database/Live/ForgeTest.php
index 64bb83772169..626660ee7246 100644
--- a/tests/system/Database/Live/ForgeTest.php
+++ b/tests/system/Database/Live/ForgeTest.php
@@ -941,7 +941,7 @@ public function testAddFields(): void
                 ],
             ];
 
-            if (version_compare($this->db->getVersion(), '8.0.17', '>=')) {
+            if (version_compare($this->db->getVersion(), '8.0.17', '>=') && strpos($this->db->getVersion(), 'MariaDB') === false) {
                 // As of MySQL 8.0.17, the display width attribute for integer data types
                 // is deprecated and is not reported back anymore.
                 // @see https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/8.0/en/numeric-type-attributes.html
@@ -1657,6 +1657,87 @@ public function testProcessIndexes(): void
         $this->forge->dropTable('user2', true);
     }
 
+    public function testProcessIndexesWithKeyOnly(): void
+    {
+        // make sure tables don't exist
+        $this->forge->dropTable('actions', true);
+
+        $this->createActionsTable();
+        $this->forge->addKey('name', false, false, 'db_actions_name');
+
+        // create indexes
+        $this->forge->processIndexes('actions');
+
+        // get a list of all indexes
+        $allIndexes = $this->db->getIndexData('actions');
+
+        // check that db_actions_name key exists
+        $indexes = array_filter(
+            $allIndexes,
+            static fn ($index) => ($index->name === 'db_actions_name')
+                && ($index->fields === [0 => 'name'])
+        );
+        $this->assertCount(1, $indexes);
+
+        // drop tables to avoid any future conflicts
+        $this->forge->dropTable('actions', true);
+    }
+
+    public function testProcessIndexesWithPrimaryKeyOnly(): void
+    {
+        // make sure tables don't exist
+        $this->forge->dropTable('actions', true);
+
+        $this->createActionsTable();
+        $this->forge->addPrimaryKey('id');
+
+        // create indexes
+        $this->forge->processIndexes('actions');
+
+        // get a list of all indexes
+        $allIndexes = $this->db->getIndexData('actions');
+
+        // check that the primary key exists
+        $indexes = array_filter(
+            $allIndexes,
+            static fn ($index) => $index->type === 'PRIMARY'
+        );
+        $this->assertCount(1, $indexes);
+
+        // drop tables to avoid any future conflicts
+        $this->forge->dropTable('actions', true);
+    }
+
+    public function testProcessIndexesWithForeignKeyOnly(): void
+    {
+        // make sure tables don't exist
+        $this->forge->dropTable('actions', true);
+        $this->forge->dropTable('user2', true);
+
+        $this->createUser2TableWithKeys();
+        $this->populateUser2Table();
+        $this->createActionsTable();
+
+        // SQLite does not support custom foreign key name
+        if ($this->db->DBDriver === 'SQLite3') {
+            $this->forge->addForeignKey('userid', 'user', 'id');
+            $this->forge->addForeignKey('userid2', 'user2', 'id');
+        } else {
+            $this->forge->addForeignKey('userid', 'user', 'id', '', '', 'db_actions_userid_foreign');
+            $this->forge->addForeignKey('userid2', 'user2', 'id', '', '', 'db_actions_userid2_foreign');
+        }
+
+        // create indexes
+        $this->forge->processIndexes('actions');
+
+        // check that the two foreign keys exist
+        $this->assertCount(2, $this->db->getForeignKeyData('actions'));
+
+        // drop tables to avoid any future conflicts
+        $this->forge->dropTable('actions', true);
+        $this->forge->dropTable('user2', true);
+    }
+
     private function createUser2TableWithKeys(): void
     {
         $fields = [
diff --git a/tests/system/Debug/TimerTest.php b/tests/system/Debug/TimerTest.php
index d99d877fc84a..54c9fdfccb18 100644
--- a/tests/system/Debug/TimerTest.php
+++ b/tests/system/Debug/TimerTest.php
@@ -172,7 +172,7 @@ public function testRecordThrowsException(): void
 
     public function testRecordThrowsErrorOnCallableWithParams(): void
     {
-        if (version_compare(PHP_VERSION, '8.0.0') >= 0) {
+        if (PHP_VERSION_ID >= 80000) {
             $this->expectException(ArgumentCountError::class);
         } else {
             $this->expectException(ErrorException::class);
diff --git a/tests/system/Helpers/ArrayHelperTest.php b/tests/system/Helpers/ArrayHelperTest.php
index 9a91c807c4b4..4844fe84188e 100644
--- a/tests/system/Helpers/ArrayHelperTest.php
+++ b/tests/system/Helpers/ArrayHelperTest.php
@@ -304,10 +304,10 @@ public function testArraySortByMultipleKeysFailsEmptyParameter(array $data, arra
     public function testArraySortByMultipleKeysFailsInconsistentArraySizes($data): void
     {
         // PHP 8 changes this error type
-        if (version_compare(PHP_VERSION, '8.0', '<')) {
-            $this->expectException(ErrorException::class);
-        } else {
+        if (PHP_VERSION_ID >= 80000) {
             $this->expectException(ValueError::class);
+        } else {
+            $this->expectException(ErrorException::class);
         }
 
         $this->expectExceptionMessage('Array sizes are inconsistent');
diff --git a/tests/system/Helpers/TextHelperTest.php b/tests/system/Helpers/TextHelperTest.php
index 4d0295e11d46..2af7f1387529 100755
--- a/tests/system/Helpers/TextHelperTest.php
+++ b/tests/system/Helpers/TextHelperTest.php
@@ -263,7 +263,13 @@ public function testCensoredWordsNonReplacement(): void
 
     public function testHighlightCode(): void
     {
-        $expect = "<code><span style=\"color: #000000\">\n<span style=\"color: #0000BB\">&lt;?php&nbsp;var_dump</span><span style=\"color: #007700\">(</span><span style=\"color: #0000BB\">\$this</span><span style=\"color: #007700\">);&nbsp;</span><span style=\"color: #0000BB\">?&gt;&nbsp;</span>\n</span>\n</code>";
+        // PHP 8.3 changes the output.
+        if (PHP_VERSION_ID >= 80300) {
+            $expect = '<pre><code style="color: #000000"><span style="color: #0000BB">&lt;?php var_dump</span><span style="color: #007700">(</span><span style="color: #0000BB">$this</span><span style="color: #007700">); </span><span style="color: #0000BB">?&gt; ?&gt;</span></code></pre>';
+        } else {
+            $expect = "<code><span style=\"color: #000000\">\n<span style=\"color: #0000BB\">&lt;?php&nbsp;var_dump</span><span style=\"color: #007700\">(</span><span style=\"color: #0000BB\">\$this</span><span style=\"color: #007700\">);&nbsp;</span><span style=\"color: #0000BB\">?&gt;&nbsp;</span>\n</span>\n</code>";
+        }
+
         $this->assertSame($expect, highlight_code('<?php var_dump($this); ?>'));
     }
 
diff --git a/tests/system/Helpers/URLHelper/MiscUrlTest.php b/tests/system/Helpers/URLHelper/MiscUrlTest.php
index 4767dbf0cbfd..04da4f7352fe 100644
--- a/tests/system/Helpers/URLHelper/MiscUrlTest.php
+++ b/tests/system/Helpers/URLHelper/MiscUrlTest.php
@@ -38,6 +38,7 @@ protected function setUp(): void
         parent::setUp();
 
         Services::reset(true);
+        Services::routes()->loadRoutes();
 
         // Set a common base configuration (overriden by individual tests)
         $this->config            = new App();
@@ -52,13 +53,19 @@ protected function tearDown(): void
         $_SERVER = [];
     }
 
+    /**
+     * @runInSeparateProcess
+     * @preserveGlobalState disabled
+     *
+     * @group SeparateProcess
+     */
     public function testPreviousURLUsesSessionFirst(): void
     {
         $uri1 = 'http://example.com/one?two';
         $uri2 = 'http://example.com/two?foo';
 
-        $_SERVER['HTTP_REFERER']      = $uri1;
-        $_SESSION['_ci_previous_url'] = $uri2;
+        $_SERVER['HTTP_REFERER'] = $uri1;
+        session()->set('_ci_previous_url', $uri2);
 
         $this->config->baseURL = 'http://example.com/public';
 
@@ -80,6 +87,12 @@ private function createRequest(string $uri): void
         Factories::injectMock('config', 'App', $this->config);
     }
 
+    /**
+     * @runInSeparateProcess
+     * @preserveGlobalState disabled
+     *
+     * @group SeparateProcess
+     */
     public function testPreviousURLUsesRefererIfNeeded(): void
     {
         $uri1 = 'http://example.com/one?two';
diff --git a/tests/system/Helpers/URLHelper/SiteUrlCliTest.php b/tests/system/Helpers/URLHelper/SiteUrlCliTest.php
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..c675cd326272
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/system/Helpers/URLHelper/SiteUrlCliTest.php
@@ -0,0 +1,333 @@
+<?php
+
+/**
+ * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
+ *
+ * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
+ *
+ * For the full copyright and license information, please view
+ * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
+ */
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\Helpers\URLHelper;
+
+use CodeIgniter\Config\Factories;
+use CodeIgniter\Config\Services;
+use CodeIgniter\HTTP\CLIRequest;
+use CodeIgniter\Test\CIUnitTestCase;
+use Config\App;
+
+/**
+ * Since base_url() only slightly modifies
+ * site_url() these functions are tested
+ * simultaneously.
+ *
+ * @backupGlobals enabled
+ *
+ * @internal
+ *
+ * @group Others
+ */
+final class SiteUrlCliTest extends CIUnitTestCase
+{
+    private App $config;
+
+    protected function setUp(): void
+    {
+        parent::setUp();
+
+        Services::reset(true);
+
+        $this->config = new App();
+    }
+
+    protected function tearDown(): void
+    {
+        parent::tearDown();
+
+        $_SERVER = [];
+    }
+
+    private function createRequest(?App $config = null): void
+    {
+        $config ??= new App();
+
+        $request = new CLIRequest($config);
+        Services::injectMock('request', $request);
+
+        Factories::injectMock('config', 'App', $config);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Takes a multitude of various config input and verifies
+     * that base_url() and site_url() return the expected result.
+     *
+     * @param string      $baseURL
+     * @param string      $indexPage
+     * @param string|null $scheme
+     * @param bool        $secure
+     * @param string      $path
+     * @param string      $expectedSiteUrl
+     * @param string      $expectedBaseUrl
+     *
+     * @dataProvider provideUrls
+     */
+    public function testUrls(
+        $baseURL,
+        $indexPage,
+        $scheme,
+        $secure,
+        $path,
+        $expectedSiteUrl,
+        $expectedBaseUrl
+    ): void {
+        // Set the config
+        $this->config->baseURL                   = $baseURL;
+        $this->config->indexPage                 = $indexPage;
+        $this->config->forceGlobalSecureRequests = $secure;
+
+        $this->createRequest($this->config);
+
+        $this->assertSame($expectedSiteUrl, site_url($path, $scheme, $this->config));
+        $this->assertSame($expectedBaseUrl, base_url($path, $scheme));
+    }
+
+    public static function provideUrls(): iterable
+    {
+        // baseURL, indexPage, scheme, secure, path, expectedSiteUrl, expectedBaseUrl
+        return [
+            'forceGlobalSecure' => [
+                'http://example.com/',
+                'index.php',
+                null,
+                true,
+                '',
+                'https://example.com/index.php',
+                'https://example.com/',
+            ],
+            [
+                'http://example.com/',
+                'index.php',
+                null,
+                false,
+                '',
+                'http://example.com/index.php',
+                'http://example.com/',
+            ],
+            'baseURL missing /' => [
+                'http://example.com',
+                'index.php',
+                null,
+                false,
+                '',
+                'http://example.com/index.php',
+                'http://example.com/',
+            ],
+            [
+                'http://example.com/',
+                '',
+                null,
+                false,
+                '',
+                'http://example.com/',
+                'http://example.com/',
+            ],
+            [
+                'http://example.com/',
+                'banana.php',
+                null,
+                false,
+                '',
+                'http://example.com/banana.php',
+                'http://example.com/',
+            ],
+            [
+                'http://example.com/',
+                '',
+                null,
+                false,
+                'abc',
+                'http://example.com/abc',
+                'http://example.com/abc',
+            ],
+            [
+                'http://example.com/',
+                '',
+                null,
+                false,
+                '/abc',
+                'http://example.com/abc',
+                'http://example.com/abc',
+            ],
+            [
+                'http://example.com/',
+                '',
+                null,
+                false,
+                '/abc/',
+                'http://example.com/abc/',
+                'http://example.com/abc/',
+            ],
+            [
+                'http://example.com/',
+                '',
+                null,
+                false,
+                '/abc/def',
+                'http://example.com/abc/def',
+                'http://example.com/abc/def',
+            ],
+            'URL decode' => [
+                'http://example.com/',
+                '',
+                null,
+                false,
+                'template/meet-%26-greet',
+                'http://example.com/template/meet-&-greet',
+                'http://example.com/template/meet-&-greet',
+            ],
+            'URL encode' => [
+                'http://example.com/',
+                '',
+                null,
+                false,
+                '<s>alert</s>',
+                'http://example.com/%3Cs%3Ealert%3C/s%3E',
+                'http://example.com/%3Cs%3Ealert%3C/s%3E',
+            ],
+            [
+                'http://example.com/public/',
+                'index.php',
+                null,
+                false,
+                '',
+                'http://example.com/public/index.php',
+                'http://example.com/public/',
+            ],
+            [
+                'http://example.com/public/',
+                '',
+                null,
+                false,
+                '',
+                'http://example.com/public/',
+                'http://example.com/public/',
+            ],
+            [
+                'http://example.com/public',
+                '',
+                null,
+                false,
+                '',
+                'http://example.com/public/',
+                'http://example.com/public/',
+            ],
+            [
+                'http://example.com/public',
+                'index.php',
+                null,
+                false,
+                '/',
+                'http://example.com/public/index.php/',
+                'http://example.com/public/',
+            ],
+            [
+                'http://example.com/public/',
+                'index.php',
+                null,
+                false,
+                '/',
+                'http://example.com/public/index.php/',
+                'http://example.com/public/',
+            ],
+            [
+                'http://example.com/',
+                'index.php',
+                null,
+                false,
+                'foo',
+                'http://example.com/index.php/foo',
+                'http://example.com/foo',
+            ],
+            [
+                'http://example.com/',
+                'index.php',
+                null,
+                false,
+                '0',
+                'http://example.com/index.php/0',
+                'http://example.com/0',
+            ],
+            [
+                'http://example.com/public',
+                'index.php',
+                null,
+                false,
+                'foo',
+                'http://example.com/public/index.php/foo',
+                'http://example.com/public/foo',
+            ],
+            [
+                'http://example.com/',
+                'index.php',
+                null,
+                false,
+                'foo?bar=bam',
+                'http://example.com/index.php/foo?bar=bam',
+                'http://example.com/foo?bar=bam',
+            ],
+            [
+                'http://example.com/',
+                'index.php',
+                null,
+                false,
+                'test#banana',
+                'http://example.com/index.php/test#banana',
+                'http://example.com/test#banana',
+            ],
+            [
+                'http://example.com/',
+                'index.php',
+                'ftp',
+                false,
+                'foo',
+                'ftp://example.com/index.php/foo',
+                'ftp://example.com/foo',
+            ],
+            [
+                'http://example.com/',
+                'index.php',
+                null,
+                false,
+                'news/local/123',
+                'http://example.com/index.php/news/local/123',
+                'http://example.com/news/local/123',
+            ],
+            [
+                'http://example.com/',
+                'index.php',
+                null,
+                false,
+                ['news', 'local', '123'],
+                'http://example.com/index.php/news/local/123',
+                'http://example.com/news/local/123',
+            ],
+        ];
+    }
+
+    public function testSiteURLWithEmptyStringScheme(): void
+    {
+        $this->config->baseURL                   = 'http://example.com/';
+        $this->config->indexPage                 = 'index.php';
+        $this->config->forceGlobalSecureRequests = false;
+
+        $this->assertSame(
+            '//example.com/index.php/test',
+            site_url('test', '', $this->config)
+        );
+        $this->assertSame(
+            '//example.com/img/test.jpg',
+            base_url('img/test.jpg', '')
+        );
+    }
+}
diff --git a/tests/system/Helpers/URLHelper/SiteUrlTest.php b/tests/system/Helpers/URLHelper/SiteUrlTest.php
index 1a03d80f3521..529d1e6872a4 100644
--- a/tests/system/Helpers/URLHelper/SiteUrlTest.php
+++ b/tests/system/Helpers/URLHelper/SiteUrlTest.php
@@ -15,7 +15,6 @@
 use CodeIgniter\Config\Services;
 use CodeIgniter\HTTP\IncomingRequest;
 use CodeIgniter\HTTP\SiteURIFactory;
-use CodeIgniter\HTTP\URI;
 use CodeIgniter\HTTP\UserAgent;
 use CodeIgniter\Superglobals;
 use CodeIgniter\Test\CIUnitTestCase;
diff --git a/tests/system/Honeypot/HoneypotTest.php b/tests/system/Honeypot/HoneypotTest.php
index 65b27e3e07d6..f3b4a659934f 100644
--- a/tests/system/Honeypot/HoneypotTest.php
+++ b/tests/system/Honeypot/HoneypotTest.php
@@ -100,6 +100,24 @@ public function testAttachHoneypotAndContainerWithCSP(): void
         $this->assertMatchesRegularExpression($regex, $this->response->getBody());
     }
 
+    public function testNotAttachHoneypotWithCSP(): void
+    {
+        $this->resetServices();
+
+        $config             = new App();
+        $config->CSPEnabled = true;
+        Factories::injectMock('config', 'App', $config);
+        $this->response = Services::response($config, false);
+
+        $this->config   = new HoneypotConfig();
+        $this->honeypot = new Honeypot($this->config);
+
+        $this->response->setBody('<head></head><body></body>');
+        $this->honeypot->attachHoneypot($this->response);
+
+        $this->assertSame('<head></head><body></body>', $this->response->getBody());
+    }
+
     public function testHasntContent(): void
     {
         unset($_POST[$this->config->name]);
diff --git a/tests/system/Language/LanguageTest.php b/tests/system/Language/LanguageTest.php
index 34313e8dfac8..b235ebfa6d41 100644
--- a/tests/system/Language/LanguageTest.php
+++ b/tests/system/Language/LanguageTest.php
@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@
 use CodeIgniter\Test\CIUnitTestCase;
 use CodeIgniter\Test\Mock\MockLanguage;
 use Config\Services;
+use InvalidArgumentException;
 use MessageFormatter;
 use Tests\Support\Language\SecondMockLanguage;
 
@@ -126,6 +127,30 @@ public function testGetLineArrayFormatsMessages(): void
         $this->assertSame(['45 related books.'], $this->lang->getLine('books.bookList', [91 / 2]));
     }
 
+    /**
+     * @see https://github.com/codeigniter4/shield/issues/851
+     */
+    public function testGetLineInvalidFormatMessage(): void
+    {
+        // No intl extension? then we can't test this - go away....
+        if (! class_exists(MessageFormatter::class)) {
+            $this->markTestSkipped('No intl support.');
+        }
+
+        $this->expectException(InvalidArgumentException::class);
+        $this->expectExceptionMessage(
+            'Invalid message format: "تم الكشف عن كلمة المرور {0} بسبب اختراق البيانات وشوهدت {1 ، عدد} مرة في {2} في كلمات المرور المخترقة.", args: "password,hits,wording"'
+        );
+
+        $this->lang->setLocale('ar');
+
+        $this->lang->setData('Auth', [
+            'errorPasswordPwned' => 'تم الكشف عن كلمة المرور {0} بسبب اختراق البيانات وشوهدت {1 ، عدد} مرة في {2} في كلمات المرور المخترقة.',
+        ]);
+
+        $this->lang->getLine('Auth.errorPasswordPwned', ['password', 'hits', 'wording']);
+    }
+
     /**
      * @see https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/issues/891
      */
diff --git a/tests/system/Router/DefinedRouteCollectorTest.php b/tests/system/Router/DefinedRouteCollectorTest.php
index ba74cec1a86a..976d74268a35 100644
--- a/tests/system/Router/DefinedRouteCollectorTest.php
+++ b/tests/system/Router/DefinedRouteCollectorTest.php
@@ -87,4 +87,45 @@ public function testCollect()
         ];
         $this->assertSame($expected, $definedRoutes);
     }
+
+    /**
+     * @see https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/issues/8039
+     */
+    public function testCollectSameFromWithDifferentVerb()
+    {
+        $routes = $this->createRouteCollection();
+        $routes->get('login', 'AuthController::showLogin', ['as' => 'loginShow']);
+        $routes->post('login', 'AuthController::login', ['as' => 'login']);
+        $routes->get('logout', 'AuthController::logout', ['as' => 'logout']);
+
+        $collector = new DefinedRouteCollector($routes);
+
+        $definedRoutes = [];
+
+        foreach ($collector->collect() as $route) {
+            $definedRoutes[] = $route;
+        }
+
+        $expected = [
+            [
+                'method'  => 'get',
+                'route'   => 'login',
+                'name'    => 'loginShow',
+                'handler' => '\\App\\Controllers\\AuthController::showLogin',
+            ],
+            [
+                'method'  => 'get',
+                'route'   => 'logout',
+                'name'    => 'logout',
+                'handler' => '\\App\\Controllers\\AuthController::logout',
+            ],
+            [
+                'method'  => 'post',
+                'route'   => 'login',
+                'name'    => 'login',
+                'handler' => '\\App\\Controllers\\AuthController::login',
+            ],
+        ];
+        $this->assertSame($expected, $definedRoutes);
+    }
 }
diff --git a/tests/system/Router/RouteCollectionReverseRouteTest.php b/tests/system/Router/RouteCollectionReverseRouteTest.php
index d00e48e35b0d..02c8f4ba18f8 100644
--- a/tests/system/Router/RouteCollectionReverseRouteTest.php
+++ b/tests/system/Router/RouteCollectionReverseRouteTest.php
@@ -52,6 +52,16 @@ protected function getCollector(array $config = [], array $files = [], $moduleCo
         return (new RouteCollection($loader, $moduleConfig, new Routing()))->setHTTPVerb('get');
     }
 
+    public function testReverseRoutingEmptyString(): void
+    {
+        $routes = $this->getCollector();
+
+        $routes->add('/', 'Home::index');
+
+        $match = $routes->reverseRoute('');
+        $this->assertFalse($match);
+    }
+
     public function testReverseRoutingFindsSimpleMatch(): void
     {
         $routes = $this->getCollector();
diff --git a/tests/system/Security/SecurityCSRFSessionRandomizeTokenTest.php b/tests/system/Security/SecurityCSRFSessionRandomizeTokenTest.php
index 2a148c902e0f..7c8af63040f4 100644
--- a/tests/system/Security/SecurityCSRFSessionRandomizeTokenTest.php
+++ b/tests/system/Security/SecurityCSRFSessionRandomizeTokenTest.php
@@ -246,6 +246,19 @@ public function testCSRFVerifyPUTHeaderReturnsSelfOnMatch(): void
         $this->assertLogged('info', 'CSRF token verified.');
     }
 
+    public function testCSRFVerifyPUTBodyReturnsSelfOnMatch(): void
+    {
+        $_SERVER['REQUEST_METHOD'] = 'PUT';
+
+        $request = new IncomingRequest(new MockAppConfig(), new URI('http://badurl.com'), null, new UserAgent());
+        $request->setBody("csrf_test_name={$this->randomizedToken}&foo=bar");
+
+        $security = $this->createSecurity();
+
+        $this->assertInstanceOf(Security::class, $security->verify($request));
+        $this->assertLogged('info', 'CSRF token verified.');
+    }
+
     public function testCSRFVerifyJsonThrowsExceptionOnNoMatch(): void
     {
         $this->expectException(SecurityException::class);
diff --git a/tests/system/Security/SecurityCSRFSessionTest.php b/tests/system/Security/SecurityCSRFSessionTest.php
index a8f784a5464b..1d701520488c 100644
--- a/tests/system/Security/SecurityCSRFSessionTest.php
+++ b/tests/system/Security/SecurityCSRFSessionTest.php
@@ -201,6 +201,19 @@ public function testCSRFVerifyPUTHeaderReturnsSelfOnMatch(): void
         $this->assertLogged('info', 'CSRF token verified.');
     }
 
+    public function testCSRFVerifyPUTBodyReturnsSelfOnMatch(): void
+    {
+        $_SERVER['REQUEST_METHOD'] = 'PUT';
+
+        $request = new IncomingRequest(new MockAppConfig(), new URI('http://badurl.com'), null, new UserAgent());
+        $request->setBody('csrf_test_name=8b9218a55906f9dcc1dc263dce7f005a&foo=bar');
+
+        $security = $this->createSecurity();
+
+        $this->assertInstanceOf(Security::class, $security->verify($request));
+        $this->assertLogged('info', 'CSRF token verified.');
+    }
+
     public function testCSRFVerifyJsonThrowsExceptionOnNoMatch(): void
     {
         $this->expectException(SecurityException::class);
diff --git a/tests/system/Security/SecurityTest.php b/tests/system/Security/SecurityTest.php
index 972115de6a7b..ae4953607662 100644
--- a/tests/system/Security/SecurityTest.php
+++ b/tests/system/Security/SecurityTest.php
@@ -218,6 +218,50 @@ public function testCSRFVerifyJsonReturnsSelfOnMatch(): void
         $this->assertSame('{"foo":"bar"}', $request->getBody());
     }
 
+    public function testCSRFVerifyPutBodyThrowsExceptionOnNoMatch(): void
+    {
+        $_SERVER['REQUEST_METHOD']   = 'PUT';
+        $_COOKIE['csrf_cookie_name'] = '8b9218a55906f9dcc1dc263dce7f005b';
+
+        $security = $this->createMockSecurity();
+        $request  = new IncomingRequest(
+            new MockAppConfig(),
+            new URI('http://badurl.com'),
+            null,
+            new UserAgent()
+        );
+
+        $request->setBody(
+            'csrf_test_name=8b9218a55906f9dcc1dc263dce7f005a'
+        );
+
+        $this->expectException(SecurityException::class);
+        $security->verify($request);
+    }
+
+    public function testCSRFVerifyPutBodyReturnsSelfOnMatch(): void
+    {
+        $_SERVER['REQUEST_METHOD']   = 'PUT';
+        $_COOKIE['csrf_cookie_name'] = '8b9218a55906f9dcc1dc263dce7f005a';
+
+        $security = $this->createMockSecurity();
+        $request  = new IncomingRequest(
+            new MockAppConfig(),
+            new URI('http://badurl.com'),
+            null,
+            new UserAgent()
+        );
+
+        $request->setBody(
+            'csrf_test_name=8b9218a55906f9dcc1dc263dce7f005a&foo=bar'
+        );
+
+        $this->assertInstanceOf(Security::class, $security->verify($request));
+        $this->assertLogged('info', 'CSRF token verified.');
+
+        $this->assertSame('foo=bar', $request->getBody());
+    }
+
     public function testSanitizeFilename(): void
     {
         $security = $this->createMockSecurity();
diff --git a/tests/system/Session/Handlers/Database/RedisHandlerTest.php b/tests/system/Session/Handlers/Database/RedisHandlerTest.php
index d7acb0dbf56d..94d17461d243 100644
--- a/tests/system/Session/Handlers/Database/RedisHandlerTest.php
+++ b/tests/system/Session/Handlers/Database/RedisHandlerTest.php
@@ -168,4 +168,26 @@ public function testGC(): void
         $handler = $this->getInstance();
         $this->assertSame(1, $handler->gc(3600));
     }
+
+    /**
+     * See https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/issues/7695
+     */
+    public function testSecondaryReadAfterClose(): void
+    {
+        $handler = $this->getInstance();
+        $handler->open($this->sessionSavePath, $this->sessionName);
+
+        $expected = <<<'DATA'
+            __ci_last_regenerate|i:1664607454;_ci_previous_url|s:32:"http://localhost:8080/index.php/";key|s:5:"value";
+            DATA;
+        $this->assertSame($expected, $handler->read('555556b43phsnnf8if6bo33b635e4447'));
+
+        $handler->close();
+
+        $handler->open($this->sessionSavePath, $this->sessionName);
+
+        $this->assertSame($expected, $handler->read('555556b43phsnnf8if6bo33b635e4447'));
+
+        $handler->close();
+    }
 }
diff --git a/tests/system/Test/FilterTestTraitTest.php b/tests/system/Test/FilterTestTraitTest.php
index 32ebef106457..e2d5a423637f 100644
--- a/tests/system/Test/FilterTestTraitTest.php
+++ b/tests/system/Test/FilterTestTraitTest.php
@@ -11,7 +11,6 @@
 
 namespace CodeIgniter\Test;
 
-use CodeIgniter\Filters\Filters;
 use CodeIgniter\HTTP\RequestInterface;
 use Tests\Support\Filters\Customfilter;
 
diff --git a/tests/system/View/ParserFilterTest.php b/tests/system/View/ParserFilterTest.php
index 7b41da6060fa..694f3252e539 100644
--- a/tests/system/View/ParserFilterTest.php
+++ b/tests/system/View/ParserFilterTest.php
@@ -181,6 +181,21 @@ public function testHighlightCode(): void
             </span>
             </code>
             EOF;
+
+        // PHP 8.3 changes the output.
+        if (PHP_VERSION_ID >= 80300) {
+            $expected = <<<'EOF'
+                <pre><code style="color: #000000"><span style="color: #0000BB">Sincerely ?&gt;</span></code></pre>
+                EOF;
+        } else {
+            $expected = <<<'EOF'
+                <code><span style="color: #000000">
+                <span style="color: #0000BB">Sincerely&nbsp;</span>
+                </span>
+                </code>
+                EOF;
+        }
+
         $this->assertSame($expected, $parser->renderString($template));
     }
 
diff --git a/tests/system/View/ParserPluginTest.php b/tests/system/View/ParserPluginTest.php
index 53caa6389213..b5e4c9047297 100644
--- a/tests/system/View/ParserPluginTest.php
+++ b/tests/system/View/ParserPluginTest.php
@@ -42,12 +42,18 @@ public function testCurrentURL(): void
         $this->assertSame(current_url(), $this->parser->renderString($template));
     }
 
+    /**
+     * @runInSeparateProcess
+     * @preserveGlobalState disabled
+     *
+     * @group SeparateProcess
+     */
     public function testPreviousURL(): void
     {
         $template = '{+ previous_url +}';
 
         // Ensure a previous URL exists to work with.
-        $_SESSION['_ci_previous_url'] = 'http://example.com/foo';
+        session()->set('_ci_previous_url', 'http://example.com/foo');
 
         $this->assertSame(previous_url(), $this->parser->renderString($template));
     }
diff --git a/user_guide_src/source/changelogs/index.rst b/user_guide_src/source/changelogs/index.rst
index dd0ac6db1034..73eab706433f 100644
--- a/user_guide_src/source/changelogs/index.rst
+++ b/user_guide_src/source/changelogs/index.rst
@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@ See all the changes.
 .. toctree::
     :titlesonly:
 
+    v4.4.2
     v4.4.1
     v4.4.0
     v4.3.8
diff --git a/user_guide_src/source/changelogs/v4.4.0.rst b/user_guide_src/source/changelogs/v4.4.0.rst
index 3b11e6fdfdda..59092ccd9860 100644
--- a/user_guide_src/source/changelogs/v4.4.0.rst
+++ b/user_guide_src/source/changelogs/v4.4.0.rst
@@ -277,6 +277,7 @@ Others
 Message Changes
 ***************
 
+- Added ``Core.invalidDirectory`` error message.
 - Improved ``HTTP.invalidHTTPProtocol`` error message.
 
 Changes
diff --git a/user_guide_src/source/changelogs/v4.4.2.rst b/user_guide_src/source/changelogs/v4.4.2.rst
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..eb146ef07c0c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/user_guide_src/source/changelogs/v4.4.2.rst
@@ -0,0 +1,50 @@
+Version 4.4.2
+#############
+
+Release Date: October 19, 2023
+
+**4.4.2 release of CodeIgniter4**
+
+.. contents::
+    :local:
+    :depth: 3
+
+Message Changes
+***************
+
+- Added ``Language.invalidMessageFormat`` error message.
+
+Changes
+*******
+
+- **Database Migrations:** The ``-g`` option for the ``spark migrate:rollback``
+  command was removed. It did not work from the beginning. Also, the rollback
+  command returns the database(s) state to a specified batch number and cannot
+  specify only a specific database group.
+- **Security:** The presence of the CSRF token is now also checked in the raw body (not JSON format) for PUT, PATCH, and DELETE type of requests.
+
+Deprecations
+************
+
+- **Filters:** The Auto-Discovery for Filters and ``Filters::discoverFilters()``
+  is deprecated. Use :ref:`registrars` instead. See :ref:`modules-filters` for
+  details.
+- **CLI:** The public property ``CLI::$readline_support`` and ``CLI::$wait_msg``
+  are deprecated. These methods will be protected.
+- **CodeIgniter:** The parameter ``$config`` for the ``displayCache()`` method is
+  deprecated. It was not used.
+
+Bugs Fixed
+**********
+
+- **CodeIgniter:** Fixed a bug that returned "200 OK" response status code when
+  Page Not Found.
+- **Spark:** Fixed a bug that caused spark to not display exceptions in the
+  production mode or to display backtrace in json when an exception occurred.
+- **Forge:** Fixed a bug where adding a Primary Key to an existing table was
+  ignored if there were no other Keys added too.
+- **Routing:** Fixed a bug that ``spark routes`` may show incorrect route names.
+
+See the repo's
+`CHANGELOG.md <https://github.com/codeigniter4/CodeIgniter4/blob/develop/CHANGELOG.md>`_
+for a complete list of bugs fixed.
diff --git a/user_guide_src/source/conf.py b/user_guide_src/source/conf.py
index a456e6a937a4..75454cc17896 100644
--- a/user_guide_src/source/conf.py
+++ b/user_guide_src/source/conf.py
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@
 version = '4.4'
 
 # The full version, including alpha/beta/rc tags.
-release = '4.4.1'
+release = '4.4.2'
 
 # -- General configuration ---------------------------------------------------
 
diff --git a/user_guide_src/source/database/configuration.rst b/user_guide_src/source/database/configuration.rst
index b80c10ede526..128e28d9eeef 100644
--- a/user_guide_src/source/database/configuration.rst
+++ b/user_guide_src/source/database/configuration.rst
@@ -105,6 +105,8 @@ within the class' constructor:
 
 .. literalinclude:: configuration/008.php
 
+.. _database-config-with-env-file:
+
 **************************
 Configuring with .env File
 **************************
diff --git a/user_guide_src/source/dbmgmt/db_commands.rst b/user_guide_src/source/dbmgmt/db_commands.rst
index 53ef1cc52d06..2e5bdb9cd656 100644
--- a/user_guide_src/source/dbmgmt/db_commands.rst
+++ b/user_guide_src/source/dbmgmt/db_commands.rst
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ When you have a table named ``my_table``, you can see the field names and the re
 
 .. code-block:: console
 
-    .. code-block:: consolephp spark db:table my_table
+    php spark db:table my_table
 
 If the table ``my_table`` is not in the database, CodeIgniter displays a list of available tables to select.
 
diff --git a/user_guide_src/source/dbmgmt/migration.rst b/user_guide_src/source/dbmgmt/migration.rst
index 874d276632e1..4af207164b73 100644
--- a/user_guide_src/source/dbmgmt/migration.rst
+++ b/user_guide_src/source/dbmgmt/migration.rst
@@ -67,9 +67,13 @@ Database Groups
 
 A migration will only be run against a single database group. If you have multiple groups defined in
 **app/Config/Database.php**, then it will run against the ``$defaultGroup`` as specified
-in that same configuration file. There may be times when you need different schemas for different
+in that same configuration file.
+
+There may be times when you need different schemas for different
 database groups. Perhaps you have one database that is used for all general site information, while
-another database is used for mission critical data. You can ensure that migrations are run only
+another database is used for mission critical data.
+
+You can ensure that migrations are run only
 against the proper group by setting the ``$DBGroup`` property on your migration. This name must
 match the name of the database group exactly:
 
@@ -115,8 +119,8 @@ Migrates a database group with all available migrations:
 
 You can use (migrate) with the following options:
 
-- ``-g`` - to chose database group, otherwise default database group will be used.
-- ``-n`` - to choose namespace, otherwise (App) namespace will be used.
+- ``-g`` - to specify database group. If specified, only migrations for the specified database group will be run. If not specified, all migrations will be run.
+- ``-n`` - to choose namespace, otherwise ``App`` namespace will be used.
 - ``--all`` - to migrate all namespaces to the latest migration.
 
 This example will migrate ``Acme\Blog`` namespace with any new migrations on the test database group:
@@ -140,7 +144,7 @@ to minimize any potential conflicts between the main application and any modules
 rollback
 ========
 
-Rolls back all migrations, taking the database group to a blank slate, effectively migration 0:
+Rolls back all migrations to a blank slate, effectively migration 0:
 
 .. code-block:: console
 
@@ -148,7 +152,6 @@ Rolls back all migrations, taking the database group to a blank slate, effective
 
 You can use (rollback) with the following options:
 
-- ``-g`` - to choose database group, otherwise default database group will be used.
 - ``-b`` - to choose a batch: natural numbers specify the batch.
 - ``-f`` - to force a bypass confirmation question, it is only asked in a production environment.
 
@@ -163,8 +166,8 @@ Refreshes the database state by first rolling back all migrations, and then migr
 
 You can use (refresh) with the following options:
 
-- ``-g`` - to choose database group, otherwise default database group will be used.
-- ``-n`` - to choose namespace, otherwise (App) namespace will be used.
+- ``-g`` - to specify database group. If specified, only migrations for the specified database group will be run. If not specified, all migrations will be run.
+- ``-n`` - to choose namespace, otherwise ``App`` namespace will be used.
 - ``--all`` - to refresh all namespaces.
 - ``-f`` - to force a bypass confirmation question, it is only asked in a production environment.
 
@@ -189,7 +192,7 @@ Displays a list of all migrations and the date and time they ran, or '--' if the
 
 You can use (status) with the following options:
 
-- ``-g`` - to choose database group, otherwise default database group will be used.
+- ``-g`` - to specify database group. If specified, only migrations for the specified database group will be checked. If not specified, all migrations will be checked.
 
 make:migration
 ==============
@@ -220,13 +223,15 @@ Migration Preferences
 
 The following is a table of all the config options for migrations, available in **app/Config/Migrations.php**.
 
-========================== ====================== ========================== =============================================================
-Preference                 Default                Options                    Description
-========================== ====================== ========================== =============================================================
-**enabled**                true                   true / false               Enable or disable migrations.
-**table**                  migrations             None                       The table name for storing the schema version number.
-**timestampFormat**        Y-m-d-His\_                                       The format to use for timestamps when creating a migration.
-========================== ====================== ========================== =============================================================
+==================== ============ ============= =============================================================
+Preference           Default      Options       Description
+==================== ============ ============= =============================================================
+**enabled**          true         true / false  Enable or disable migrations.
+**table**            migrations   None          The table name for storing the schema version number. This
+                                                table is always created in the default database group
+                                                (``$defaultGroup``).
+**timestampFormat**  Y-m-d-His\_                The format to use for timestamps when creating a migration.
+==================== ============ ============= =============================================================
 
 ***************
 Class Reference
diff --git a/user_guide_src/source/extending/core_classes/003.php b/user_guide_src/source/extending/core_classes/003.php
index c726b71ea95d..9e89d87d46df 100644
--- a/user_guide_src/source/extending/core_classes/003.php
+++ b/user_guide_src/source/extending/core_classes/003.php
@@ -2,9 +2,9 @@
 
 namespace App\Libraries;
 
-use CodeIgniter\Router\RouteCollection;
+use CodeIgniter\Router\RouteCollection as BaseRouteCollection;
 
-class RouteCollection extends RouteCollection
+class RouteCollection extends BaseRouteCollection
 {
     // ...
 }
diff --git a/user_guide_src/source/general/configuration.rst b/user_guide_src/source/general/configuration.rst
index e51ab1e8fa40..45ecce84108d 100644
--- a/user_guide_src/source/general/configuration.rst
+++ b/user_guide_src/source/general/configuration.rst
@@ -183,6 +183,10 @@ are considered for merging into the configuration object's properties.
 .. important:: You cannot add a new property by setting environment variables,
     nor change a scalar value to an array. See :ref:`env-var-replacements-for-data`.
 
+.. note:: This feature is implemented in the ``CodeIgniter\Config\BaseConfig``
+    class. So it will not work with a few files in the **app/Config** folder
+    that do not extends the class.
+
 If the prefix of a namespaced variable exactly matches the namespace of the configuration
 class, then the trailing part of the setting (after the dot) is treated as a configuration
 property. If it matches an existing configuration property, the environment variable's
@@ -233,6 +237,8 @@ expect your ``Config\App`` to magically have that property and value at run time
 When you have the property ``$default = ['encrypt' => false]`` in your
 ``Config\Database``, you cannot change the ``encrypt`` value to an array even if
 you put ``database.default.encrypt.ssl_verify = true`` in your **.env**.
+If you want to do like that, see
+:ref:`Database Configuration <database-config-with-env-file>`.
 
 Treating Environment Variables as Arrays
 ========================================
diff --git a/user_guide_src/source/general/environments.rst b/user_guide_src/source/general/environments.rst
index 3eaf2c5c3587..57e85c67c106 100644
--- a/user_guide_src/source/general/environments.rst
+++ b/user_guide_src/source/general/environments.rst
@@ -75,10 +75,10 @@ config using `SetEnv <https://httpd.apache.org/docs/2.4/mod/mod_env.html#setenv>
 
 .. _environment-nginx:
 
-Nginx
+nginx
 -----
 
-Under Nginx, you must pass the environment variable through the ``fastcgi_params``
+Under nginx, you must pass the environment variable through the ``fastcgi_params``
 in order for it to show up under the ``$_SERVER`` variable. This allows it to work on the
 virtual-host level, instead of using `env` to set it for the entire server, though that
 would work fine on a dedicated server. You would then modify your server config to something
@@ -97,7 +97,7 @@ like:
         }
     }
 
-Alternative methods are available for Nginx and other servers, or you can
+Alternative methods are available for nginx and other servers, or you can
 remove this logic entirely and set the constant based on the server's IP address
 (for instance).
 
diff --git a/user_guide_src/source/general/modules.rst b/user_guide_src/source/general/modules.rst
index b15e3c47bdf6..2a6df4aa7b2e 100644
--- a/user_guide_src/source/general/modules.rst
+++ b/user_guide_src/source/general/modules.rst
@@ -160,9 +160,18 @@ the **Modules** config file, described above.
 When working with modules, it can be a problem if the routes in the application contain wildcards.
 In that case, see :ref:`routing-priority`.
 
+.. _modules-filters:
+
 Filters
 =======
 
+.. deprecated:: 4.4.2
+
+.. note:: This feature is deprecated. Use :ref:`registrars` instead like the
+    following:
+
+    .. literalinclude:: modules/015.php
+
 By default, :doc:`filters <../incoming/filters>` are automatically scanned for within modules.
 It can be turned off in the **Modules** config file, described above.
 
diff --git a/user_guide_src/source/general/modules/015.php b/user_guide_src/source/general/modules/015.php
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..0b1f17508607
--- /dev/null
+++ b/user_guide_src/source/general/modules/015.php
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+<?php
+
+namespace CodeIgniter\Shield\Config;
+
+use CodeIgniter\Shield\Filters\SessionAuth;
+use CodeIgniter\Shield\Filters\TokenAuth;
+
+class Registrar
+{
+    /**
+     * Registers the Shield filters.
+     */
+    public static function Filters(): array
+    {
+        return [
+            'aliases' => [
+                'session' => SessionAuth::class,
+                'tokens'  => TokenAuth::class,
+            ],
+        ];
+    }
+}
diff --git a/user_guide_src/source/general/urls.rst b/user_guide_src/source/general/urls.rst
index 69c3e4869f55..963b7706e9b7 100644
--- a/user_guide_src/source/general/urls.rst
+++ b/user_guide_src/source/general/urls.rst
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ Query      page=2
 Removing the index.php file
 ===========================
 
-By default, the **index.php** file will be included in your URLs::
+When you use Apache Web Server, by default, the **index.php** file will be needed in your URLs::
 
     example.com/index.php/news/article/my_article
 
@@ -95,10 +95,10 @@ request for your index.php file.
 
 .. _urls-remove-index-php-nginx:
 
-NGINX
+nginx
 -----
 
-Under NGINX, you can define a location block and use the ``try_files`` directive to get the same effect as we did with
+Under nginx, you can define a location block and use the ``try_files`` directive to get the same effect as we did with
 the above Apache configuration:
 
 .. code-block:: nginx
diff --git a/user_guide_src/source/images/debugbar.png b/user_guide_src/source/images/debugbar.png
index aa32df81ac3d..1661e893aa3d 100644
Binary files a/user_guide_src/source/images/debugbar.png and b/user_guide_src/source/images/debugbar.png differ
diff --git a/user_guide_src/source/images/tutorial3.png b/user_guide_src/source/images/tutorial3.png
index 325c3f982e49..16f557595d04 100644
Binary files a/user_guide_src/source/images/tutorial3.png and b/user_guide_src/source/images/tutorial3.png differ
diff --git a/user_guide_src/source/images/tutorial4.png b/user_guide_src/source/images/tutorial4.png
index 4700740fc62c..33c33ae2615c 100644
Binary files a/user_guide_src/source/images/tutorial4.png and b/user_guide_src/source/images/tutorial4.png differ
diff --git a/user_guide_src/source/images/welcome.png b/user_guide_src/source/images/welcome.png
index 63b9108d0425..d3a2b3c38377 100644
Binary files a/user_guide_src/source/images/welcome.png and b/user_guide_src/source/images/welcome.png differ
diff --git a/user_guide_src/source/incoming/filters.rst b/user_guide_src/source/incoming/filters.rst
index 1bde2fabbfb4..3965dce51b0e 100644
--- a/user_guide_src/source/incoming/filters.rst
+++ b/user_guide_src/source/incoming/filters.rst
@@ -79,7 +79,14 @@ the final output, or even to filter the final output with a bad words filter.
 Configuring Filters
 *******************
 
-Once you've created your filters, you need to configure when they get run. This is done in **app/Config/Filters.php** or **app/Config/Routes.php**.
+There are two ways to configure filters when they get run. One is done in
+**app/Config/Filters.php**, the other is done in **app/Config/Routes.php**.
+
+If you want to specify filter to a specific route, use **app/Config/Routes.php**
+and see :ref:`URI Routing <applying-filters>`.
+
+The filters that are specified to a route (in **app/Config/Routes.php**) are
+executed before the filters specified in **app/Config/Filters.php**.
 
 .. Note:: The safest way to apply filters is to :ref:`disable auto-routing <use-defined-routes-only>`, and :ref:`set filters to routes <applying-filters>`.
 
@@ -163,9 +170,6 @@ a list of URI path (relative to BaseURL) patterns that filter should apply to:
 
 .. _filters-filters-filter-arguments:
 
-Filter Arguments
-================
-
 Filter Arguments
 ----------------
 
diff --git a/user_guide_src/source/installation/backward_compatibility_notes.rst b/user_guide_src/source/installation/backward_compatibility_notes.rst
index e265d5a34968..9c9ad1ba6600 100644
--- a/user_guide_src/source/installation/backward_compatibility_notes.rst
+++ b/user_guide_src/source/installation/backward_compatibility_notes.rst
@@ -13,7 +13,8 @@ However, the code is not mature and bug fixes may break compatibility in minor r
 What are not Breaking Changes
 *****************************
 
-- The deprecated Config items are not covered by backwards compatibility (BC) promise. It may be removed in the next
-  **minor** version or later.
+- The deprecated items are not covered by backwards compatibility (BC) promise. It may be removed in the next next
+  **minor** version or later. For example, if an item has been deprecated since 4.3.x,
+  it may be removed in 4.5.0.
 - System messages defined in **system/Language/en/** are strictly for internal framework use and are not covered by backwards compatibility (BC) promise. If developers are relying on language string output they should be checking it against the function call (``lang('...')``), not the content.
 - `Named arguments <https://www.php.net/manual/en/functions.arguments.php#functions.named-arguments>`_ are not covered by backwards compatibility (BC) promise. We may choose to rename method/function parameter names when necessary in order to improve the  codebase.
diff --git a/user_guide_src/source/installation/installing_composer.rst b/user_guide_src/source/installation/installing_composer.rst
index 9af6a0f0fa71..d1b4cebf33a7 100644
--- a/user_guide_src/source/installation/installing_composer.rst
+++ b/user_guide_src/source/installation/installing_composer.rst
@@ -208,7 +208,7 @@ See :ref:`initial-configuration` for the details.
 Upgrading
 ---------
 
-Whenever there is a new release, then from the command line in your project root::
+Whenever there is a new release, then from the command line in your project root:
 
 .. code-block:: console
 
diff --git a/user_guide_src/source/installation/running.rst b/user_guide_src/source/installation/running.rst
index 7092b8f5d68a..2538cfee2d9a 100644
--- a/user_guide_src/source/installation/running.rst
+++ b/user_guide_src/source/installation/running.rst
@@ -25,31 +25,53 @@ section of the User Guide to begin learning how to build dynamic PHP application
 Initial Configuration
 *********************
 
-#. Open the **app/Config/App.php** file with a text editor and
-   set your base URL to ``$baseURL``. If you need more flexibility, the baseURL may
-   be set within the :ref:`.env <dotenv-file>` file as ``app.baseURL = 'http://example.com/'``.
-   (Always use a trailing slash on your base URL!)
+Configure for Your Site URIs
+============================
+
+Open the **app/Config/App.php** file with a text editor.
+
+#. $baseURL
+    Set your base URL to ``$baseURL``. If you need more flexibility, the baseURL may
+    be set within the :ref:`.env <dotenv-file>` file as ``app.baseURL = 'http://example.com/'``.
+    **Always use a trailing slash on your base URL!**
 
     .. note:: If you don't set the ``baseURL`` correctly, in development mode,
         the debug toolbar may not load properly and web pages may take considerably
         longer to display.
 
-#. If you intend to use a database, open the
-   **app/Config/Database.php** file with a text editor and set your
-   database settings. Alternately, these could be set in your **.env** file.
-#. If it is not on the production server, set ``CI_ENVIRONMENT`` to ``development``
-   in **.env** file to take advantage of the debugging tools provided. See
-   :ref:`setting-development-mode` for the detail.
+#. $indexPage
+    If you don't want to include **index.php** in your site URIs, set ``$indexPage`` to ``''``.
+    The setting will be used when the framework generates your site URIs.
+
+    .. note:: You may need to configure your web server to access your site with a URL
+        that does not contain **index.php**. See :ref:`CodeIgniter URLs <urls-remove-index-php>`.
+
+Configure Database Connection Settings
+======================================
+
+If you intend to use a database, open the
+**app/Config/Database.php** file with a text editor and set your
+database settings. Alternately, these could be set in your **.env** file.
+
+Set to Development Mode
+=======================
+
+If it is not on the production server, set ``CI_ENVIRONMENT`` to ``development``
+in **.env** file to take advantage of the debugging tools provided. See
+:ref:`setting-development-mode` for the detail.
+
+.. important:: In production environments, you should disable error display and
+    any other development-only functionality. In CodeIgniter, this can be done
+    by setting the environment to "production". By default, the application will
+    run using the "production" environment. See also :ref:`environment-constant`.
 
-    .. important:: In production environments, you should disable error display and
-        any other development-only functionality. In CodeIgniter, this can be done
-        by setting the environment to "production". By default, the application will
-        run using the "production" environment. See also :ref:`environment-constant`.
+Set Writable Folder Permission
+==============================
 
-.. note:: If you will be running your site using a web server (e.g., Apache or Nginx),
-    you will need to modify the permissions for the **writable** folder inside
-    your project, so that it is writable by the user or account used by your
-    web server.
+If you will be running your site using a web server (e.g., Apache or nginx),
+you will need to modify the permissions for the **writable** folder inside
+your project, so that it is writable by the user or account used by your
+web server.
 
 ************************
 Local Development Server
@@ -355,10 +377,10 @@ Setting Environment
 See :ref:`Handling Multiple Environments <environment-apache>`.
 
 ******************
-Hosting with Nginx
+Hosting with nginx
 ******************
 
-Nginx is the second most widely used HTTP server for web hosting.
+nginx is the second most widely used HTTP server for web hosting.
 Here you can find an example configuration using PHP 8.1 FPM (unix sockets) under Ubuntu Server.
 
 default.conf
diff --git a/user_guide_src/source/installation/upgrade_440.rst b/user_guide_src/source/installation/upgrade_440.rst
index 76bcc2957a68..c84d72a7e1fe 100644
--- a/user_guide_src/source/installation/upgrade_440.rst
+++ b/user_guide_src/source/installation/upgrade_440.rst
@@ -91,7 +91,7 @@ When Passing Classname with Namespace to Factories
 The behavior of passing a classname with a namespace to Factories has been changed.
 See :ref:`ChangeLog <v440-factories>` for details.
 
-If you have code like ``model('\Myth\Auth\Models\UserModel::class')`` or
+If you have code like ``model(\Myth\Auth\Models\UserModel::class)`` or
 ``model('Myth\Auth\Models\UserModel')`` (the code may be in the third-party packages),
 and you expect to load your ``App\Models\UserModel``, you need to define the
 classname to be loaded before the first loading of that class::
diff --git a/user_guide_src/source/installation/upgrade_442.rst b/user_guide_src/source/installation/upgrade_442.rst
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..46ed0ff7da2e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/user_guide_src/source/installation/upgrade_442.rst
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+#############################
+Upgrading from 4.4.1 to 4.4.2
+#############################
+
+Please refer to the upgrade instructions corresponding to your installation method.
+
+- :ref:`Composer Installation App Starter Upgrading <app-starter-upgrading>`
+- :ref:`Composer Installation Adding CodeIgniter4 to an Existing Project Upgrading <adding-codeigniter4-upgrading>`
+- :ref:`Manual Installation Upgrading <installing-manual-upgrading>`
+
+.. contents::
+    :local:
+    :depth: 2
+
+Project Files
+*************
+
+Some files in the **project space** (root, app, public, writable) received updates. Due to
+these files being outside of the **system** scope they will not be changed without your intervention.
+
+There are some third-party CodeIgniter modules available to assist with merging changes to
+the project space: `Explore on Packagist <https://packagist.org/explore/?query=codeigniter4%20updates>`_.
+
+All Changes
+===========
+
+This is a list of all files in the **project space** that received changes;
+many will be simple comments or formatting that have no effect on the runtime:
+
+- app/Config/Migrations.php
+- app/Config/View.php
+- composer.json
diff --git a/user_guide_src/source/installation/upgrade_file_upload.rst b/user_guide_src/source/installation/upgrade_file_upload.rst
index d7a38a1f97d8..adb200b9f0f7 100644
--- a/user_guide_src/source/installation/upgrade_file_upload.rst
+++ b/user_guide_src/source/installation/upgrade_file_upload.rst
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ Upgrade Working with Uploaded Files
 
 Documentations
 ==============
-- `Output Class Documentation CodeIgniter 3.X <http://codeigniter.com/userguide3/libraries/file_uploading.html>`_
+- `File Uploading Class Documentation CodeIgniter 3.X <http://codeigniter.com/userguide3/libraries/file_uploading.html>`_
 - :doc:`Working with Uploaded Files Documentation CodeIgniter 4.X </libraries/uploaded_files>`
 
 What has been changed
diff --git a/user_guide_src/source/installation/upgrade_validations.rst b/user_guide_src/source/installation/upgrade_validations.rst
index acc093a94580..8343b989a699 100644
--- a/user_guide_src/source/installation/upgrade_validations.rst
+++ b/user_guide_src/source/installation/upgrade_validations.rst
@@ -18,6 +18,8 @@ What has been changed
   Use :ref:`Rule Classes <validation-using-rule-classes>` or
   :ref:`Closure Rule <validation-using-closure-rule>`
   instead.
+- In CI3, Callbacks/Callable rules were prioritized, but in CI4, Closure Rules are
+  not prioritized, and are checked in the order in which they are listed.
 - CI4 validation format rules do not permit empty string.
 - CI4 validation never changes your data.
 - Since v4.3.0, :php:func:`validation_errors()` has been introduced, but the API is different from CI3's.
diff --git a/user_guide_src/source/installation/upgrading.rst b/user_guide_src/source/installation/upgrading.rst
index 210b1499c8bb..9f9e17528052 100644
--- a/user_guide_src/source/installation/upgrading.rst
+++ b/user_guide_src/source/installation/upgrading.rst
@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@ See also :doc:`./backward_compatibility_notes`.
 
     backward_compatibility_notes
 
+    upgrade_442
     upgrade_441
     upgrade_440
     upgrade_438
diff --git a/user_guide_src/source/intro/requirements.rst b/user_guide_src/source/intro/requirements.rst
index 8e5ac2428675..e025198a8cc0 100644
--- a/user_guide_src/source/intro/requirements.rst
+++ b/user_guide_src/source/intro/requirements.rst
@@ -16,6 +16,10 @@ PHP and Required Extensions
   - `mbstring <https://www.php.net/manual/en/mbstring.requirements.php>`_
   - `json <https://www.php.net/manual/en/json.requirements.php>`_
 
+.. warning:: The end of life date for PHP 7.4 was November 28, 2022. If you are
+    still using PHP 7.4, you should upgrade immediately. The end of life date
+    for PHP 8.0 will be November 26, 2023.
+
 ***********************
 Optional PHP Extensions
 ***********************
diff --git a/user_guide_src/source/libraries/curlrequest.rst b/user_guide_src/source/libraries/curlrequest.rst
index 4da540937cb3..f029efc4f883 100644
--- a/user_guide_src/source/libraries/curlrequest.rst
+++ b/user_guide_src/source/libraries/curlrequest.rst
@@ -214,7 +214,7 @@ cookie
 ======
 
 This specifies the filename that CURL should use to read cookie values from, and
-to save cookie values to. This is done using the CURL_COOKIEJAR and CURL_COOKIEFILE options.
+to save cookie values to. This is done using the ``CURL_COOKIEJAR`` and ``CURL_COOKIEFILE`` options.
 An example:
 
 .. literalinclude:: curlrequest/021.php
@@ -223,8 +223,10 @@ debug
 =====
 
 When ``debug`` is passed and set to ``true``, this will enable additional debugging to echo to STDERR during the
-script execution. This is done by passing CURLOPT_VERBOSE and echoing the output. So, when you're running a built-in
-server via ``spark serve`` you will see the output in the console. Otherwise, the output will be written to
+script execution.
+
+This is done by passing ``CURLOPT_VERBOSE`` and echoing the output. So, when you're running a built-in
+server via ``spark serve``, you will see the output in the console. Otherwise, the output will be written to
 the server's error log.
 
 .. literalinclude:: curlrequest/034.php
@@ -270,8 +272,11 @@ further headers arrays or calls to ``setHeader()``.
 http_errors
 ===========
 
-By default, CURLRequest will fail if the HTTP code returned is greater than or equal to 400. You can set
-``http_errors`` to ``false`` to return the content instead:
+By default, CURLRequest will throw ``HTTPException`` if the HTTP code returned is
+greater than or equal to 400.
+
+If you want to see the response body, you can set ``http_errors`` to ``false`` to
+return the content instead:
 
 .. literalinclude:: curlrequest/026.php
 
diff --git a/user_guide_src/source/libraries/curlrequest/026.php b/user_guide_src/source/libraries/curlrequest/026.php
index 36ea74cb9293..6c42894547bd 100644
--- a/user_guide_src/source/libraries/curlrequest/026.php
+++ b/user_guide_src/source/libraries/curlrequest/026.php
@@ -1,8 +1,9 @@
 <?php
 
 $client->request('GET', '/status/500');
-// Will fail verbosely
+// If the response code is 500, an HTTPException is thrown,
+// and a detailed error report is displayed if in development mode.
 
-$res = $client->request('GET', '/status/500', ['http_errors' => false]);
-echo $res->getStatusCode();
-// 500
+$response = $client->request('GET', '/status/500', ['http_errors' => false]);
+echo $response->getStatusCode(); // 500
+echo $response->getBody();       // You can see the response body.
diff --git a/user_guide_src/source/libraries/email.rst b/user_guide_src/source/libraries/email.rst
index 1112205ea352..33386bc8b17c 100644
--- a/user_guide_src/source/libraries/email.rst
+++ b/user_guide_src/source/libraries/email.rst
@@ -367,7 +367,7 @@ Class Reference
         :returns:    Attachment Content-ID or false if not found
         :rtype:    string
 
-        Sets and returns an attachment's Content-ID, which enables your to embed an inline
+        Sets and returns an attachment's Content-ID, which enables you to embed an inline
         (picture) attachment into HTML. First parameter must be the already attached file name.
 
         .. literalinclude:: email/022.php
diff --git a/user_guide_src/source/libraries/publisher.rst b/user_guide_src/source/libraries/publisher.rst
index bf4b256327c1..99531eacca5b 100644
--- a/user_guide_src/source/libraries/publisher.rst
+++ b/user_guide_src/source/libraries/publisher.rst
@@ -120,6 +120,8 @@ to keep up with. You can create a publication definition in your project to sync
 
 .. literalinclude:: publisher/009.php
 
+.. note:: Directory ``$destination`` must be created before executing the command.
+
 Now add the dependency via Composer and call ``spark publish`` to run the publication:
 
 .. code-block:: console
diff --git a/user_guide_src/source/libraries/publisher/009.php b/user_guide_src/source/libraries/publisher/009.php
index 1e840ce9da2c..f3c2fb21d5f2 100644
--- a/user_guide_src/source/libraries/publisher/009.php
+++ b/user_guide_src/source/libraries/publisher/009.php
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ class BootstrapPublisher extends Publisher
      *
      * @var string
      */
-    protected $source = 'vendor/twbs/bootstrap/';
+    protected $source = VENDORPATH . 'twbs/bootstrap/';
 
     /**
      * FCPATH is always the default destination,
diff --git a/user_guide_src/source/libraries/security.rst b/user_guide_src/source/libraries/security.rst
index bc5777f759fa..6c39cbefdb5e 100644
--- a/user_guide_src/source/libraries/security.rst
+++ b/user_guide_src/source/libraries/security.rst
@@ -204,6 +204,9 @@ The order of checking the availability of the CSRF token is as follows:
 1. ``$_POST`` array
 2. HTTP header
 3. ``php://input`` (JSON request) - bear in mind that this approach is the slowest one since we have to decode JSON and then re-encode it
+4. ``php://input`` (raw body) - for PUT, PATCH, and DELETE type of requests
+
+.. note:: ``php://input`` (raw body) is checked since v4.4.2.
 
 *********************
 Other Helpful Methods
diff --git a/user_guide_src/source/libraries/validation.rst b/user_guide_src/source/libraries/validation.rst
index 3224961e0821..de7ec194a61c 100644
--- a/user_guide_src/source/libraries/validation.rst
+++ b/user_guide_src/source/libraries/validation.rst
@@ -311,6 +311,9 @@ To give a labeled error message you can set up as:
 
 .. _validation-withrequest:
 
+.. note:: ``setRules()`` will overwrite any rules that were set previously. To add more than one
+    rule to an existing set of rules, use ``setRule()`` multiple times.
+
 Setting Rules for Array Data
 ============================
 
diff --git a/user_guide_src/source/libraries/validation/007.php b/user_guide_src/source/libraries/validation/007.php
index b5f23c355a5c..c545e70c8e9c 100644
--- a/user_guide_src/source/libraries/validation/007.php
+++ b/user_guide_src/source/libraries/validation/007.php
@@ -7,5 +7,5 @@
 // or
 $validation->setRules([
     'username' => ['label' => 'Username', 'rules' => 'required|max_length[30]'],
-    'password' => ['label' => 'Password', 'rules' => ['required', '|max_length[255]', 'min_length[10]']],
+    'password' => ['label' => 'Password', 'rules' => ['required', 'max_length[255]', 'min_length[10]']],
 ]);
diff --git a/user_guide_src/source/outgoing/response.rst b/user_guide_src/source/outgoing/response.rst
index 507e479b5f56..078d9d11042a 100644
--- a/user_guide_src/source/outgoing/response.rst
+++ b/user_guide_src/source/outgoing/response.rst
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ as the second parameter of the ``setStatusCode()`` method:
 .. literalinclude:: response/002.php
 
 You can set format an array into either JSON or XML and set the content type header to the appropriate mime with the
-``setJSON`` and ``setXML`` methods. Typically, you will send an array of data to be converted:
+``setJSON()`` and ``setXML()`` methods. Typically, you will send an array of data to be converted:
 
 .. literalinclude:: response/003.php
 
diff --git a/user_guide_src/source/testing/overview.rst b/user_guide_src/source/testing/overview.rst
index 7622339f8f0c..d969f73cdc41 100644
--- a/user_guide_src/source/testing/overview.rst
+++ b/user_guide_src/source/testing/overview.rst
@@ -244,6 +244,10 @@ Removes all mocked classes from the Services class, bringing it back to its orig
 
 You can also use the ``$this->resetServices()`` method that ``CIUnitTestCase`` provides.
 
+.. note:: This method resets the all states of Services, and the ``RouteCollection``
+    will have no routes. If you want to use your routes to be loaded, you need to
+    call the ``loadRoutes()`` method like ``Services::routes()->loadRoutes()``.
+
 Services::resetSingle(string $name)
 -----------------------------------
 
diff --git a/user_guide_src/source/tutorial/create_news_items.rst b/user_guide_src/source/tutorial/create_news_items.rst
index 4ed6badbae07..6443e674d450 100644
--- a/user_guide_src/source/tutorial/create_news_items.rst
+++ b/user_guide_src/source/tutorial/create_news_items.rst
@@ -26,6 +26,23 @@ You can read more about the CSRF protection in :doc:`Security <../libraries/secu
     because :ref:`auto-routing-legacy` permits any HTTP method to access a controller.
     Accessing the controller with a method you don't expect could bypass the filter.
 
+Adding Routing Rules
+********************
+
+Before you can start adding news items into your CodeIgniter application
+you have to add an extra rule to **app/Config/Routes.php** file. Make sure your
+file contains the following:
+
+.. literalinclude:: create_news_items/004.php
+
+The route directive for ``'news/new'`` is placed before the directive for ``'news/(:segment)'`` to ensure that the form to create a news item is displayed.
+
+The ``$routes->post()`` line defines the router for a POST request. It matches
+only a POST request to the URI path **/news**, and it maps to the ``create()`` method of
+the ``News`` class.
+
+You can read more about different routing types in :ref:`defined-route-routing`.
+
 Create a Form
 *************
 
@@ -151,28 +168,11 @@ never need to do that, since it is an auto-incrementing field in the database.
 This helps protect against Mass Assignment Vulnerabilities. If your model is
 handling your timestamps, you would also leave those out.
 
-Adding Routing Rules
-********************
-
-Before you can start adding news items into your CodeIgniter application
-you have to add an extra rule to **app/Config/Routes.php** file. Make sure your
-file contains the following:
-
-.. literalinclude:: create_news_items/004.php
-
-The route directive for ``'news/new'`` is placed before the directive for ``'news/(:segment)'`` to ensure that the form to create a news item is displayed.
-
-The ``$routes->post()`` line defines the router for a POST request. It matches
-only a POST request to the URI path **/news**, and it maps to the ``create()`` method of
-the ``News`` class.
-
-You can read more about different routing types in :ref:`defined-route-routing`.
-
 Create a News Item
 ******************
 
 Now point your browser to your local development environment where you
-installed CodeIgniter and add **/news/create** to the URL.
+installed CodeIgniter and add **/news/new** to the URL.
 Add some news and check out the different pages you made.
 
 .. image:: ../images/tutorial3.png
diff --git a/user_guide_src/source/tutorial/index.rst b/user_guide_src/source/tutorial/index.rst
index ce2ac3299ae7..e818a83f557e 100644
--- a/user_guide_src/source/tutorial/index.rst
+++ b/user_guide_src/source/tutorial/index.rst
@@ -92,7 +92,7 @@ Running Development Server
 ==========================
 
 With that out of the way it's time to view your application in a browser. You can
-serve it through any server of your choice, Apache, Nginx, etc, but CodeIgniter
+serve it through any server of your choice, Apache, nginx, etc, but CodeIgniter
 comes with a simple command that takes advantage of PHP's built-in server to get
 you up and running fast on your development machines. Type the following on the
 command line from the root of your project:
diff --git a/user_guide_src/source/tutorial/news_section.rst b/user_guide_src/source/tutorial/news_section.rst
index 183b2f0c8570..935f79476054 100644
--- a/user_guide_src/source/tutorial/news_section.rst
+++ b/user_guide_src/source/tutorial/news_section.rst
@@ -120,6 +120,17 @@ that are going to display the news items to the user. This could be done
 in our ``Pages`` controller created earlier, but for the sake of clarity,
 a new ``News`` controller is defined.
 
+Adding Routing Rules
+====================
+
+Modify your **app/Config/Routes.php** file, so it looks as follows:
+
+.. literalinclude:: news_section/008.php
+
+This makes sure the requests reach the ``News`` controller instead of
+going directly to the ``Pages`` controller. The second ``$routes->get()`` line
+routes URI's with a slug to the ``show()`` method in the ``News`` controller.
+
 Create News Controller
 ======================
 
@@ -200,17 +211,6 @@ The only thing left to do is create the corresponding view at
 
 .. literalinclude:: news_section/007.php
 
-Adding Routing Rules
-********************
-
-Modify your **app/Config/Routes.php** file, so it looks as follows:
-
-.. literalinclude:: news_section/008.php
-
-This makes sure the requests reach the ``News`` controller instead of
-going directly to the ``Pages`` controller. The second ``$routes->get()`` line
-routes URI's with a slug to the ``show()`` method in the ``News`` controller.
-
 Point your browser to your "news" page, i.e., **localhost:8080/news**,
 you should see a list of the news items, each of which has a link
 to display just the one article.
diff --git a/user_guide_src/source/tutorial/static_pages.rst b/user_guide_src/source/tutorial/static_pages.rst
index 9745cbb633de..db3382245195 100644
--- a/user_guide_src/source/tutorial/static_pages.rst
+++ b/user_guide_src/source/tutorial/static_pages.rst
@@ -9,13 +9,51 @@ Static Pages
    :doc:`installed the framework <../installation/index>` in your
    development environment.
 
-The first thing you're going to do is set up a **controller** to handle
-static pages. A controller is simply a class that helps delegate work.
-It is the glue of your web application.
+The first thing you're going to do is set up routing rules to handle static pages.
+
+Setting Routing Rules
+*********************
+
+Routing associates a URI with a controller's method. A controller is simply a
+class that helps delegate work. We will create a controller later.
+
+Let's set up routing rules. Open the routes file located at **app/Config/Routes.php**.
+
+The only route directive there to start with should be:
+
+.. literalinclude:: static_pages/003.php
+
+This directive says that any incoming request without any content
+specified should be handled by the ``index()`` method inside the ``Home`` controller.
+
+Add the following lines, **after** the route directive for ``'/'``.
+
+.. literalinclude:: static_pages/004.php
+   :lines: 2-
+
+CodeIgniter reads its routing rules from top to bottom and routes the
+request to the first matching rule. Each rule is a regular expression
+(left-side) mapped to a controller and method name
+(right-side). When a request comes in, CodeIgniter looks for the first
+match, and calls the appropriate controller and method, possibly with
+arguments.
+
+More information about routing can be found in the :doc:`../incoming/routing`.
+
+Here, the second rule in the ``$routes`` object matches a GET request
+to the URI path **/pages**, and it maps to the ``index()`` method of the ``Pages`` class.
+
+The third rule in the ``$routes`` object matches a GET request to a URI segment
+using the placeholder ``(:segment)``, and passes the parameter to the
+``view()`` method of the ``Pages`` class.
 
 Let's Make our First Controller
 *******************************
 
+The next thing you're going to do is set up a **controller** to handle
+static pages. A controller is simply a class that helps delegate work.
+It is the glue of your web application.
+
 Create Pages Controller
 =======================
 
@@ -141,42 +179,6 @@ view.
     throw errors on case-sensitive platforms. You can read more about it in
     :doc:`../outgoing/views`.
 
-Setting Routing Rules
-*********************
-
-We have made the controller. The next thing is to set routing rules.
-Routing associates a URI with a controller's method.
-
-Let's do that. Open the routes file located at **app/Config/Routes.php**.
-
-The only route directive there to start with should be:
-
-.. literalinclude:: static_pages/003.php
-
-This directive says that any incoming request without any content
-specified should be handled by the ``index()`` method inside the ``Home`` controller.
-
-Add the following lines, **after** the route directive for ``'/'``.
-
-.. literalinclude:: static_pages/004.php
-   :lines: 2-
-
-CodeIgniter reads its routing rules from top to bottom and routes the
-request to the first matching rule. Each rule is a regular expression
-(left-side) mapped to a controller and method name
-(right-side). When a request comes in, CodeIgniter looks for the first
-match, and calls the appropriate controller and method, possibly with
-arguments.
-
-More information about routing can be found in the :doc:`../incoming/routing`.
-
-Here, the second rule in the ``$routes`` object matches a GET request
-to the URI path **/pages**, and it maps to the ``index()`` method of the ``Pages`` class.
-
-The third rule in the ``$routes`` object matches a GET request to a URI segment
-using the placeholder ``(:segment)``, and passes the parameter to the
-``view()`` method of the ``Pages`` class.
-
 Running the App
 ***************
 
diff --git a/utils/PHPStan/CheckFrameworkExceptionInstantiationViaNamedConstructorRule.php b/utils/PHPStan/CheckFrameworkExceptionInstantiationViaNamedConstructorRule.php
deleted file mode 100644
index 5cca5ec8f4d4..000000000000
--- a/utils/PHPStan/CheckFrameworkExceptionInstantiationViaNamedConstructorRule.php
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,48 +0,0 @@
-<?php
-
-declare(strict_types=1);
-
-/**
- * This file is part of CodeIgniter 4 framework.
- *
- * (c) CodeIgniter Foundation <admin@codeigniter.com>
- *
- * For the full copyright and license information, please view
- * the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
- */
-
-namespace Utils\PHPStan;
-
-use CodeIgniter\Exceptions\FrameworkException;
-use PhpParser\Node;
-use PhpParser\Node\Expr\New_;
-use PhpParser\Node\Name\FullyQualified;
-use PHPStan\Analyser\Scope;
-use PHPStan\Rules\Rule;
-
-final class CheckFrameworkExceptionInstantiationViaNamedConstructorRule implements Rule
-{
-    private const ERROR_MESSAGE = 'FrameworkException instance creation via new expression is not allowed, use its named constructor instead';
-
-    public function getNodeType(): string
-    {
-        return New_::class;
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * @param New_ $node
-     */
-    public function processNode(Node $node, Scope $scope): array
-    {
-        $class = $node->class;
-        if (! $class instanceof FullyQualified) {
-            return [];
-        }
-
-        if (! is_a((string) $class, FrameworkException::class, true)) {
-            return [];
-        }
-
-        return [self::ERROR_MESSAGE];
-    }
-}
diff --git a/utils/Rector/RemoveVarTagFromClassConstantRector.php b/utils/Rector/RemoveVarTagFromClassConstantRector.php
index d780c8647cbd..2393516f508b 100644
--- a/utils/Rector/RemoveVarTagFromClassConstantRector.php
+++ b/utils/Rector/RemoveVarTagFromClassConstantRector.php
@@ -16,12 +16,23 @@
 use PhpParser\Node;
 use PhpParser\Node\Stmt\ClassConst;
 use PHPStan\PhpDocParser\Ast\PhpDoc\VarTagValueNode;
+use Rector\BetterPhpDocParser\PhpDocInfo\PhpDocInfoFactory;
+use Rector\Comments\NodeDocBlock\DocBlockUpdater;
 use Rector\Core\Rector\AbstractRector;
 use Symplify\RuleDocGenerator\ValueObject\CodeSample\CodeSample;
 use Symplify\RuleDocGenerator\ValueObject\RuleDefinition;
 
 final class RemoveVarTagFromClassConstantRector extends AbstractRector
 {
+    private PhpDocInfoFactory $phpDocInfoFactory;
+    private DocBlockUpdater $docBlockUpdater;
+
+    public function __construct(PhpDocInfoFactory $phpDocInfoFactory, DocBlockUpdater $docBlockUpdater)
+    {
+        $this->phpDocInfoFactory = $phpDocInfoFactory;
+        $this->docBlockUpdater   = $docBlockUpdater;
+    }
+
     public function getRuleDefinition(): RuleDefinition
     {
         return new RuleDefinition('Remove @var tag from class constant', [
@@ -64,6 +75,8 @@ public function refactor(Node $node): ?Node
 
         $phpDocInfo->removeByType(VarTagValueNode::class);
 
+        $this->docBlockUpdater->updateRefactoredNodeWithPhpDocInfo($node);
+
         return $node;
     }
 }