Rollup merge of #134855 - estebank:default-field-values-unstable-docs, r=jieyouxu

Add `default_field_values` entry to unstable book

Tracking issue: #132162
RFC: https://github.com/rust-lang/rfcs/blob/master/text/3681-default-field-values.md

Author: matthiaskrgr

src/doc/unstable-book/src/language-features/default-field-values.md

@@ -0,0 +1,93 @@
+# `default_field_values`
+
+The tracking issue for this feature is: [#132162]
+
+[#132162]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/issues/132162
+
+The RFC for this feature is: [#3681]
+
+[#3681]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rfcs/blob/master/text/3681-default-field-values.md
+
+------------------------
+
+The `default_field_values` feature allows users to specify a const value for
+individual fields in struct definitions, allowing those to be omitted from
+initializers.
+
+## Examples
+
+```rust
+#![feature(default_field_values)]
+
+#[derive(Default)]
+struct Pet {
+    name: Option<String>, // impl Default for Pet will use Default::default() for name
+    age: i128 = 42, // impl Default for Pet will use the literal 42 for age
+}
+
+fn main() {
+    let a = Pet { name: Some(String::new()), .. }; // Pet { name: Some(""), age: 42 }
+    let b = Pet::default(); // Pet { name: None, age: 42 }
+    assert_eq!(a.age, b.age);
+    // The following would be a compilation error: `name` needs to be specified
+    // let _ = Pet { .. };
+}
+```
+
+## `#[derive(Default)]`
+
+When deriving Default, the provided values are then used. On enum variants,
+the variant must still be marked with `#[default]` and have all its fields
+with default values.
+
+```rust
+#![feature(default_field_values)]
+
+#[derive(Default)]
+enum A {
+    #[default]
+    B {
+        x: i32 = 0,
+        y: i32 = 0,
+    },
+    C,
+}
+```
+
+## Enum variants
+
+This feature also supports enum variants for both specifying default values
+and `#[derive(Default)]`.
+
+## Interaction with `#[non_exhaustive]`
+
+A struct or enum variant marked with `#[non_exhaustive]` is not allowed to
+have default field values.
+
+## Lints
+
+When manually implementing the `Default` trait for a type that has default
+field values, if any of these are overriden in the impl the
+`default_overrides_default_fields` lint will trigger. This lint is in place
+to avoid surprising diverging behavior between `S { .. }` and
+`S::default()`, where using the same type in both ways could result in
+different values. The appropriate way to write a manual `Default`
+implementation is to use the functional update syntax:
+
+```rust
+#![feature(default_field_values)]
+
+struct Pet {
+    name: String,
+    age: i128 = 42, // impl Default for Pet will use the literal 42 for age
+}
+
+impl Default for Pet {
+    fn default() -> Pet {
+        Pet {
+            name: "no-name".to_string(),
+            ..
+        }
+    }
+}
+```