EzResult was a web-scale search engine I built and sold at age 21. Written entirely in C/C++/assembly, it independently rediscovered inverted indices, tries, and cosine similarity, and included a pre-Hadoop distributed data platform that wrote sorted, compressed chunks for efficient exchange. EzResult was also unique at the time for supporting instant updates — user-submitted sites appeared in the index within seconds. Yahoo rated it second only to Google in relevance, and it was acquired in 1999.

A high-efficiency approach to near-duplicate detection that approximates shingling accuracy while being vastly cheaper to run. Documents are reduced to title + first + 10 longest sentence hashes, indexed in dual forward/inverted indices, and compared with cosine weighting using precomputed norms. This design cut storage and compute costs by orders of magnitude while retaining strong accuracy, enabling large-scale similarity detection years before modern deduplication frameworks.

A framework that leverages full user sessions (queries + clicks) to learn correlations and improve ranking, suggestions, personalization, and localization in search and discovery.

An algorithm for recommendations and search that leverages entire user histories, not just short sessions. By adjusting local co-occurrence with an expected vs. actual frequency correction, it removes global popularity bias and surfaces unexpected associations. Extended with vector similarity for clustering, this approach has produced strong recommendations across many datasets. Works well on netflix kaggle competition data, but also applied to many other datasets.

While working on large-scale advertising systems, I designed a real-time ad inventory model to handle millions of buys with overlapping targeting criteria. The system represented impressions as discrete slots and used inverted indices plus bitmap intersections to efficiently evaluate eligibility. A novel link → award → re-link allocation algorithm resolved conflicts so high-value, capped buys won priority without materializing full slot sets. This approach enabled fast “what-if” queries, accurate forecasting, and scalable allocation at web scale.

In 2019, I designed a small but powerful improvement to quicksort/introsort. By reusing the pivot sample to detect when input is already sorted, reverse-sorted, or all-equal, the algorithm can finish in O(n) with a single verification pass (or reversal). On real datasets this yields 5–30× speedups for sorted inputs, with negligible overhead on random data, and no regressions on adversarial cases.

I've worked on many other ideas, but these are ones I feel comfortable sharing as they are largely in the public domain at this point.

These libraries form a cohesive ecosystem of modern C components — covering memory management, parsing, networking, embeddings, indexing, and file I/O — all designed with performance, simplicity, and composability in mind.

You can explore them here:

• the-macro-library: Header-only, code-generation macros for fast, type-safe containers and algorithms (sort, bsearch, map, heap, test harness, timing, utilities).
• a-memory-library: Core memory building blocks (aml_alloc, aml_pool, aml_buffer) with zero-overhead release builds and rich debug diagnostics.
• a-json-library: High-performance JSON parser/encoder integrated with memory pools for efficient, low-overhead handling.
• a-curl-library: Event-loop abstraction over libcurl with retry/backoff, rate-limiting, plugins, outputs, and a worker pool.
• a-curl-openai-plugin: Builder-style API for OpenAI endpoints on top of a-curl-library, with streaming SSE, structured outputs, and chaining.
• a-json-schema-builder-library: Programmatic JSON Schema construction helpers built on top of a-json-library.
• a-sentence-chunker-library: Fast UTF-8/ASCII sentence segmentation with optional re-chunking to enforce length constraints.
• embedding-library: SIMD-accelerated primitives for vector embeddings (dot product, cosine, quantisation) plus efficient int8 embedding tables.
• restinio-c: C wrapper for the Restinio C++ HTTP framework, providing lightweight HTTP/2 servers with callback handlers and Swagger UI integration.
• search-index-library: Compact inverted index engine with BM25 helpers, snippet builders, embedding integration, and AML-friendly memory model.
• sql-parser-library: Lightweight SQL expression tokenizer, parser, and evaluator with extensible function specifications and type inference.
• the-io-library: Record-oriented file I/O framework with reducers, partitioners, comparators, and utilities for scalable data pipelines.
• scaffold-repo: A batteries-included tool to scaffold opinionated C/C++ repositories, derive CMake builds, manage tests/apps/docs, and enforce OSS hygiene (SPDX, NOTICE, license texts).

• Header-only, code-generation macros for core algorithms:

  • macro_sort: type-safe introsort with “already sorted/reversed” fast paths.
  • macro_bsearch: binary search variants (lb/ub/first/last).
  • macro_map: intrusive red–black trees.
  • macro_heap: min/max heap ops.

• Extras: unit test harness, timing utils, string→number conversions, bit ops.

• Comparator styles unified across all containers/algos.

• Three low-level building blocks:

  • aml_alloc: malloc wrappers with debug-time leak/double-free detection.
  • aml_pool: zero-overhead arena allocator with string helpers, base64, tokenization.
  • aml_buffer: auto-growing, always NUL-terminated byte/string buffer.

• Release builds are zero-overhead; debug builds add rich diagnostics.

• Tight integration with higher-level libs (JSON, chunker, tokenizer).

• Fast JSON parser in C with memory-pool integration (via AML).
• Rich conversion helpers (to int, float, bool, string, etc.).
• Flexible object/array scanning, path retrieval, encoding/decoding.
• Error handling (ajson_is_error, ajson_dump_error).
• Strong integration with a-memory-library pools for efficient lifetime mgmt.

• High-level libcurl abstraction with an event loop built on multi-handle.
• Rich retry & backoff semantics (function return codes dictate retry behavior).
• Fine-grained rate limiting per logical key (concurrency, RPS, backoff on 429).
• Supports dependencies between requests (auth token fetch → dependent calls).
• Integrated worker pool for off-loop CPU work.
• Pluggable output interfaces (memory, file, embeddings, Pub/Sub, custom).
• Modular plugins for APIs (OpenAI, Google Cloud services, GCS, SQL, Spanner).
• Clean C11 API with metrics (completed, failed, retried).

• Built directly on a-curl-library event loop.
• Builder-style API for /v1/responses, /v1/chat/completions, /v1/embeddings.
• Streaming via SSE with simple callbacks (text deltas, usage, errors).
• Structured outputs: validated JSON Schema with strict mode.
• Chaining support (previous_response_id).
• Handles typed message parts (text, image URLs, file IDs).
• Parsing helpers for usage, errors, incomplete responses.
• C23 / CMake-based, clean separation of sinks (aggregated vs streaming).

• Programmatic JSON Schema builder in C.
• Supports 2020-12 keywords ($defs, $anchor, $dynamic*).
• Small API for building primitives (object, array, string, number).
• Helpers for schema composition: anyOf, oneOf, allOf, required fields.
• Integrates with a-json-library + AML pools.

• Fast UTF-8/ASCII sentence segmentation.
• Two-phase design: heuristic boundary detection, then optional re-chunking to enforce min/max lengths.
• Zero-copy offsets (start_offset, length) into original text.
• Designed to pair with AML buffers for memory-efficient pipelines.

• SIMD-accelerated primitives for embeddings:

  • Float32: dot product, cosine similarity.
  • Int16/Int8: quantisation and similarity.

• Auto-dispatch to AVX-512 / AVX2 / NEON.

• Embedding tables: efficient storage and retrieval of 512-dim int8 vectors.

• Header-only, portable, high-performance design.

• C wrapper over C++ Restinio HTTP framework.
• Builds HTTP/HTTP2 servers with thread pooling, keep-alive.
• Callback-based request handling with simple C API.
• Built-in Swagger UI integration for API docs.
• Resource mgmt with user-defined destroy functions.

• Compact inverted index engine in C:

  • Term postings with values, positions, BM25 helpers.
  • Document images & search images (memory-mapped).

• Hybrid search ready: per-doc int8 embeddings attached.

• Bit-packed postings with adaptive encoding.

• Includes snippet utilities for text windows.

• Strong integration with AML + tokenizer library.

• Lightweight SQL expression parser/evaluator.
• Builds tokens → AST → evaluable nodes (sql_node_t).
• Extensible function spec system for arithmetic, string, date/time.
• Type inference + implicit conversions.
• Pool-based memory mgmt via AML.
• Collects warnings/errors during parse/eval.

• General-purpose I/O and file processing framework in C.
• Supports multiple record layouts: delimited, CSV, fixed-size, and length-prefixed.
• Provides record abstractions (io_record_t) with callbacks for reducers, comparators, and partitioners (map-reduce style).
• File utilities: listing, filtering, partitioning, sorting by metadata, reading/writing, path validation, directory creation.
• Partitioning helpers for splitting/sorting by numeric keys (32/64-bit).
• Designed for scalable data pipelines, integrates with a-memory-library and the-macro-library for efficient allocation and sorting.

• A CLI tool to stamp opinionated templates into one or many repos and keep them compliant.
• Scaffolds CMake projects, apps, tests, docs, Dockerfiles, and handles multi-project/monorepo layouts.
• Provides OSS hygiene automation — SPDX headers, NOTICE rebuilds, license verification.
• Can clone, build, and install external git libraries in dependency order with safe step sanitization.
• Generates build scripts (build.sh) with install, coverage, and clean support.
• Idempotent and configurable — uses Jinja2 templates and a YAML model, with overrides for templates and licensing.

Summary: My goal with these repos was to form a tight ecosystem of C libraries for building high-performance, low-dependency infrastructure:

• Memory management & buffers: a-memory-library
• Parsing & serialization: a-json-library, a-json-schema-builder-library, sql-parser-library
• NLP primitives: a-sentence-chunker-library, embedding-library
• Search & indexing: search-index-library
• Networking & async APIs: a-curl-library, a-curl-openai-plugin, restinio-c
• File/record I/O: the-io-library (record-oriented file processing, map-reduce style)
• Foundational algorithms: the-macro-library
• Repo management: scaffold-repo