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#OS | ||
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>operating system concepts 10th 1μ₯μ ν λλ‘ μ 리νμμ΅λλ€. | ||
# 1οΈβ£ Introduction | ||
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OSλ₯Ό λ°°μ°κΈ° μ κΈ°μ΄ μ§μμΌλ‘ μμλλ©΄ μ’μ μ»΄ν¨ν° νλμ¨μ΄ ꡬμ±κ³Ό νλ‘κ·Έλ¨μ μ€ν κ³Όμ μ λ¨Όμ μ 리ν΄λ³΄κ² μ΅λλ€. | ||
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## 1. μ»΄ν¨ν° νλμ¨μ΄μ κΈ°λ³Έ κ΅¬μ± | ||
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### 1.1 CPU (Central Processing Unit) | ||
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- **κ΅¬μ± μμ** | ||
- **ALU(Arithmetic Logic Unit)** : μ°μ μ°μ°(λ§μ , λΊμ λ±)κ³Ό λ Όλ¦¬ μ°μ°(AND, OR, XOR λ±)μ λ΄λΉνλ μ₯μΉ | ||
- **컨νΈλ‘€ μ λ(Control Unit)** : λ©λͺ¨λ¦¬μ μλ λͺ λ Ήμ΄λ₯Ό fetchνμ¬ decodingνκ³ , ALUλ κΈ°ν λΆνμ΄ ν΄λΉ λͺ λ Ήμ μ¬λ°λ₯΄κ² μ€ννλλ‘ μ μ΄νλ μ₯μΉ | ||
- **λ μ§μ€ν°(Register)** : CPU λ΄λΆμ μλ λ§€μ° λΉ λ₯Έ μμ μ μ₯곡κ°. νν νλ‘κ·Έλ¨ μΉ΄μ΄ν°(PC)λ μ°μ μ°μ°μ μμλ‘ μ μ₯νλ λ μ§μ€ν°λ€μ΄ μ‘΄μ¬ | ||
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- **μν ** | ||
- λ©λͺ¨λ¦¬μ μ μ₯λ κΈ°κ³μ΄λ₯Ό **fetch**νκ³ , | ||
- μΈμΆν λͺ λ Ήμ΄λ₯Ό **decode**νμ¬ μ΄λ€ μ°μ°μ ν΄μΌ νλμ§ κ²°μ νκ³ , | ||
- **execute**μ ν΅ν΄ μ€μ μ°μ°(ALU λμ λ° λ μ§μ€ν° μ‘°μ)μ μνν¨ | ||
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- **νΉμ§** | ||
- CPUκ° μ΄ν΄νλ κ²μ **μ€μ§ κΈ°κ³μ΄**μ | ||
- λ°λΌμ κ³ κΈ μΈμ΄(ex. C, Java λ±)λ‘ μμ±λ νλ‘κ·Έλ¨μ κΈ°κ³μ΄λ‘ μ»΄νμΌνκ±°λ, μΈν°νλ¦¬νΈ ν΄μ£Όλ κ³Όμ μ΄ λ°λμ νμ | ||
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### 1.2 λ©λͺ¨λ¦¬(Memory) | ||
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- **μ£ΌκΈ°μ΅ μ₯μΉ(Main Memory)** : νλ‘κ·Έλ¨μ΄ μ€νλ λ, CPUκ° λ°λ‘ μ κ·Όνμ¬ μ½λμ λ°μ΄ν°λ₯Ό μμλ‘ μ μ₯νλ κ³΅κ° | ||
- λ³΄ν΅ RAMμ μλ―Ένλ©°, **μ μμ΄ κΊΌμ§λ©΄ νλ°**λλ νΉμ±μ κ°μ§ -> νλ°μ± λ©λͺ¨λ¦¬ | ||
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### 1.3 μ μΆλ ₯ μ₯μΉ(I/O Device) | ||
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- **μ λ ₯(Input) μ₯μΉ** : ν€λ³΄λ, λ§μ°μ€, ν°μΉμ€ν¬λ¦°, λ§μ΄ν¬ λ± | ||
- **μΆλ ₯(Output) μ₯μΉ** : λͺ¨λν°, νλ¦°ν°, μ€νΌμ»€ λ± | ||
- CPUμ λ©λͺ¨λ¦¬κ° μ§μ I/O μ₯μΉλ€κ³Ό μνΈ μμ©νμ§ μκ³ , I/O 컨νΈλ‘€λ¬λ busλ₯Ό ν΅ν΄ λ°μ΄ν°λ₯Ό μ£Όκ³ λ°μ | ||
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>β **λ²μ€?** | ||
νλμ μΌλ°μ μΈ μ»΄ν¨ν° μμ€ν μ μ¬λ¬κ°μ CPUμ μ₯μΉ μ»¨νΈλ‘€λ¬(Device controllers)λ‘ κ΅¬μ±λμ΄ μμ | ||
μ΄λ€μ 곡ν΅λ²μ€λ‘ μ΄μ΄μ Έ λ©λͺ¨λ¦¬λ₯Ό 곡μ ν¨ | ||
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```text | ||
disks mouse, keyborad, printer monitor | ||
| | | | ||
+-----+ +--------+--------+ +--------+-------+ +---------+--------+ | ||
| CPU | | disk controller | | USB controller | | graphics adapter | | ||
+--+--+ +--------+--------+ +--------+-------+ +---------+--------+ | ||
| | | | | ||
+-------------+---------+---------+-------------------+ | ||
| | ||
+---+----+ | ||
| memory | | ||
+--------+ | ||
``` | ||
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## 2. νλ‘κ·Έλ¨ μ€ν κ³Όμ | ||
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### 2.1 κ³ κΈ μΈμ΄μμ κΈ°κ³μ΄λ‘ | ||
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1. **μμ€ μ½λ μμ±**(ex. C, C++, Java λ±) | ||
2. **μ»΄νμΌ(λλ μΈν°ν리νΈ) κ³Όμ **μ κ±°μ³ **κΈ°κ³μ΄**λ‘ λ³ν | ||
3. λ³νλ κΈ°κ³μ΄λ **λ©λͺ¨λ¦¬μ λ‘λ**λμ΄ μ€ν | ||
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### 2.2 CPUμ λͺ λ Ήμ΄ μ€ν μ¬μ΄ν΄ | ||
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1. **Fetch** : λ©λͺ¨λ¦¬μμ νμ¬ PC(Program Counter)κ° κ°λ¦¬ν€λ λͺ λ Ήμ΄λ₯Ό κ°μ Έμ΄ | ||
2. **Decode** : κ°μ Έμ¨ λͺ λ Ήμ΄λ₯Ό ν΄λ νμ¬ μ΄λ€ μ°μ°μ ν΄μΌ νλμ§ νμ | ||
3. **Execute** : ALUμ λ μ§μ€ν° λ±μ νμ©νμ¬ λͺ λ Ήμ΄κ° μꡬνλ μ°μ° μν | ||
4. **Store/Write Back** : μ€ν κ²°κ³Όκ° νμνλ€λ©΄ λ μ§μ€ν°λ λ©λͺ¨λ¦¬μ μ μ₯ | ||
5. λ€μ λͺ λ Ήμ΄λ‘ μ΄λ(PCλ₯Ό κ°±μ )νκ³ , λ€μ fetch κ³Όμ μ λ°λ³΅ | ||
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==μ΄λ¬ν **μΈμΆ-ν΄λ -μ€ν** μ¬μ΄ν΄μ λ°λΌ λͺ λ Ήμ΄λ₯Ό μμ°¨μ μΌλ‘ μ²λ¦¬νλ ꡬ쑰λ₯Ό **ν° λ Έμ΄λ§(von Neumann) μν€ν μ²**λΌκ³ ν©λλ€.== | ||
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# 2οΈβ£ What operating systems do | ||
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μ΄μ체μ νλμ¨μ΄μ μμ©νλ‘κ·Έλ¨ μ¬μ΄μ μ‘΄μ¬νλ νλ‘κ·Έλ¨μ λ§ν©λλ€. | ||
μ»΄ν¨ν°μ νλμ¨μ΄λ₯Ό κ΄λ¦¬νκ³ , νλμ¨μ΄μ μννΈμ¨μ΄, μ¬μ©μλ₯Ό 맀κ°νλ νλ‘κ·Έλ¨μ λ»νμ£ . | ||
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κ·Έλ κΈ°μ μ΄μ체μ λ₯Ό λ€λ₯Έ λ§λ‘λ **resource manager**(μμκ΄λ¦¬μ) λΌκ³ λΆλ¦ λλ€. | ||
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μμ μλ μ΄μ체μ (OS)λ₯Ό 컀λ(Kernel)μ΄λΌκ³ λ λΆλ μ΅λλ€. | ||
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>β**컀λ(Kernel)** | ||
컀λμ μ΄μ체μ μ ν΅μ¬ | ||
μ΄μ체μ λ 컀λκ³Ό 컀λ λͺ¨λ(Kernel module)λ€λ‘ ꡬμ±λλλ°, 컀λμ΄ μ΄μ체μ μ ν΅μ¬μ΄λ€λ³΄λ μΌλ°μ μΌλ‘ μ΄μ체μ μ 컀λμ λμΌμ λ¨. 컀λμ΄ κ°λ€λ©΄ κ°μ μ΄μ체μ λ‘ μ·¨κΈ | ||
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μ΄μ체μ μ μν μ μ¬μ©μ κ΄μ (User View)κ³Ό μμ€ν κ΄μ (System View)μΌλ‘ λλ λ³Ό μ μμ΅λλ€. | ||
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## 1. μ΄μ체μ μ μν | ||
### 1.1 User View | ||
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μΌλ°μ μΌλ‘ μ¬μ©μλ μ»΄ν¨ν°λ₯Ό μ¬μ©ν λ λ¨μν ν€λ³΄λμ λ§μ°μ€λ₯Ό μ΄μ©ν΄ μ‘°μν©λλ€. | ||
μ¬μ©μκ° λ¨μν κΈ°κ³λ§ μ‘°μν¨μΌλ‘μ μ»΄ν¨ν°λ₯Ό μ¬μ©ν μ μλ μ΄μ λ μ΄μ체μ κ° μκΈ° λλ¬Έμ λλ€. | ||
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μ΄μ체μ λ μ¬μ©μκ° μ»΄ν¨ν° μμ μ¬μ©(Resource utilization)μ μ κ²½μ°μ§ μκ² λμ°λ©°, μ¬μ©μκ° μ»΄ν¨ν°λ₯Ό μ½κ² μ΄μ©ν μ μλλ‘ λ§λ€μ΄ μ€λλ€. | ||
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λ λ€λ₯Έ κ²½μ°λ₯Ό μ΄ν΄λ³΄λ©΄, μ¬μ©μλ λ©μΈνλ μ(Mainframe)μ μ°κ²°λ ν°λ―Έλμ μ¬μ©νκ±°λ λ―Έλμ»΄ν¨ν°(Minicomputer)λ₯Ό μ¬μ©μ΄ ν μ μμ΅λλ€. μ΄ μν©μμ μ»΄ν¨ν°μ μμμ μ¬λ¬ μ¬μ©μκ° λλ μ°κ² λλλ°, μ΄μ체μ λ μ¬μ©μλ€μ΄ μμμ 곡ννκ² μ¬μ©ν μ μλλ‘ λμμ€λλ€. | ||
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### 1.2 System View | ||
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μμ€ν μκ² μ΄μ체μ λΒ **μμ ν λΉμ**(Resource allocator)μ λλ€. | ||
μ»΄ν¨ν° μμ€ν μ CPU μκ°, λ©λͺ¨λ¦¬ 곡κ°, νμΌ μ μ₯μ 곡κ°, μ μΆλ ₯ μ₯μΉ λ± λ€μν λ¬Έμ λ₯Ό ν΄κ²°ν΄μΌ νλλ°μ. | ||
μ΄μ체μ λ μ΄λ¬ν μ»΄ν¨ν° μμλ€μ κ΄λ¦¬νλΒ **μ μ΄ νλ‘κ·Έλ¨**μΌλ‘μ λμνκ² λ©λλ€. | ||
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### 1.3 μ΄μ체μ μ μν μ? | ||
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μ λ κ΄μ μ μ’ ν©ν΄ 보면, μ΄μ체μ (OS)κ° μ¬μ©μμκ²λ **νΈλ¦¬ν μΈν°νμ΄μ€**λ‘μ λμνκ³ , μμ€ν μκ²λ **μμμ ν¨μ¨μ μΌλ‘ κ΄λ¦¬**νλ κ΄λ¦¬μ(ν λΉμ)λ‘ λμνλ€λ μ μ μ΄ν΄ν μ μμ΅λλ€. | ||
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μ΄λ‘λΆν° μ»μ μ μλ μ€μν **μ΄ν΄/μμ¬μ **μ λ€μκ³Ό κ°μ΅λλ€. | ||
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- **μ΄μ체μ μ μ΄μ€ μν ** | ||
- βμ¬μ©μβ μΈ‘λ©΄μμμ νΈμμ±κ³Ό | ||
- βμμ€ν β μΈ‘λ©΄μμμ μμ ν λΉγ»κ΄λ¦¬ | ||
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μ΄ λ κ°μ§ μν μ κ· ν μκ² μννλ κ²μ΄ μ΄μ체μ μ ν΅μ¬ κΈ°λ₯μ | ||
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- **μΆμνμ 보νΈ** | ||
OSλ νλμ¨μ΄ μμμ λν μ κ·Όμ μΆμνν΄ μ£Όμ΄, μ¬μ©μκ° νλμ¨μ΄ λμμ μ§μ λ€λ£° νμ μλλ‘ λμ | ||
λμμ μ¬λ¬ μ¬μ©μκ° μμμ μμ νκ² λλμ΄ μ°λλ‘ λ³΄νΈμ κ΄λ¦¬ λ©μ»€λμ¦μ μ κ³΅ν¨ | ||
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- **λ€μ€ μ¬μ©μ νκ²½** | ||
μ¬λ¬ μ¬μ©μκ° λμμ μμ€ν μ μ κ·Όνκ³ νλ‘κ·Έλ¨μ μ€ννλ νκ²½μμλ μ΄μ체μ κ° κ³΅μ ν μμ μ¬μ© 보μ₯, μ¬μ©μ κ°μ κ°μ(μΆ©λ) λ°©μ§, 보μ, μ€λ₯ μ²λ¦¬ λ±μ μ κ²½ μ¨μΌ ν¨ | ||
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==μ 리νμλ©΄, **μ΄μ체μ λ μ¬μ©μμκ²λ νΈλ¦¬ν¨μ, μμ€ν μ μ₯μμλ ν¨μ¨κ³Ό μμ μ±μ μ 곡**νλ μννΈμ¨μ΄λΌλ μ μ μ μ μμ΅λλ€.== | ||
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## 2. Computer Startup | ||
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κ·Έλ λ€λ©΄ μ»΄ν¨ν°λ μ΄λ»κ² μμλκ³ μ΄λμ μ΄μ체μ λ μ΄λ€ μν μ νλμ§ μμλ΄ μλ€. | ||
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μ»΄ν¨ν°κ° μμλλ κ³Όμ (booting)μ λ€μκ³Ό κ°μ΅λλ€. | ||
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μ»΄ν¨ν°λ₯Ό μΌλ©΄Β **λΆνΈμ€νΈλ© νλ‘κ·Έλ¨**(Bootstrap program)μ΄λΌλ μ΄κΈ°ν νλ‘κ·Έλ¨μ΄ μ€νλ©λλ€. | ||
μ΄ νλ‘κ·Έλ¨μ μ»΄ν¨ν°μ **ROM(Read-Only Memory)** μ΄λ EEPROM(Electrically Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory)μ μ μ₯λμ΄ μμΌλ©°, μ£Όλ‘ νμ¨μ΄(Firmware)λΌκ³ λΆλ¦½λλ€. | ||
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Bootstrap programμ μμ€ν μ μ΄κΈ°ννκ³ , **λΆνΈλ‘λ**(Boot loader)λ₯Ό μ€νν©λλ€. | ||
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λ©ν°λΆν μ»΄ν¨ν°λ μ‘΄μ¬νλλ°, μ΄ κ²½μ° λΆνΈλ‘λκ° μ¬λ¬ μ΄μ체μ λ₯Ό κ°λ¦¬ν€κ³ μκΈ°μ μ΄λ€ μ΄μ체μ λ₯Ό μ€νν μ§ μ νν΄μΌ ν©λλ€. | ||
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κ·Έλ¦¬κ³ Boot loaderλ μ΅μ’ μ μΌλ‘ μ΄μ체μ λ₯Ό μ€ννκ² λ©λλ€. | ||
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>β**bootingμ νλ μ΄μ ?** | ||
μ»΄ν¨ν°μ λ©λͺ¨λ¦¬λ λΉνλ°μ± λ©λͺ¨λ¦¬(ROM)μ΄λΌμ μ’ λ£ νλ€κ° λ€μ μ€ννλ©΄ μ΄κΈ°ν λ¨ | ||
κ·Έλ κΈ°μ μ»΄ν¨ν°λ₯Ό μλνκΈ° μν΄μ μ΄μ체μ λ₯Ό μ½μ΄λ€μ¬μΌ νλλ° μ΄λ₯Ό μν΄ bootingμ μ§ν | ||
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컀λμ΄ load, μ€νλλ©΄ **μμ€ν κ³Ό μ¬μ©μμκ² μλΉμ€λ₯Ό μ 곡**ν΄μΌ νλλ°μ. | ||
μ΄λ μΌλΆ μλΉμ€λ 컀λ μΈλΆμμ μ 곡λλλ°, μ΄λ€μ λΆν ν λ λ©λͺ¨λ¦¬μ λ‘λλλ μμ€ν νλ‘μΈμ€(System processes)λ μμ€ν λ°λͺ¬(System daemons)μ λ§ν©λλ€. | ||
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>β**λ°λͺ¬?** | ||
λ°λͺ¬(Daemon)μ μ νμ μΌλ‘ **λ°±κ·ΈλΌμ΄λ**(background)μμ μ€νλλ©΄μ, νΉμ μλΉμ€λ κΈ°λ₯μ μ§μμ μΌλ‘ μ 곡νκ±°λ λͺ¨λν°λ§νλ μν μ νλ **νλ‘μΈμ€**λ₯Ό λ§ν¨ | ||
μΌλ°μ μΌλ‘ μ¬μ©μκ° μ§μ μ€ννκ±°λ μΈν°λμ νλ μ ν리μΌμ΄μ κ³Ό λ¬λ¦¬, λ°λͺ¬μ λΆν μμ νΉμ νμμ λ°λΌ μλμΌλ‘ μμλμ΄ μμ€ν μ΄λ²€νΈλ μμ²μ κ°μνκ³ μ²λ¦¬ν¨ | ||
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UNIXμ κ²½μ° μ²« μμ€ν νλ‘μΈμ€λΒ **init**μ΄λ©°, μ΄ νλ‘μΈμ€λ λ λ€λ₯Έ λ°λͺ¬λ€μ μ€νμν΅λλ€. | ||
λ°λͺ¬μ νλ‘μΈμ€λ‘ λ°±κ·ΈλΌμ΄λμμ λλ©΄μ μμ€ν λ‘κ·Έλ λ¨κΈ°λ λ±μ μ¬λ¬ μμ μ μ§νν©λλ€. | ||
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μ΄λ¬ν κ³Όμ μ΄ λλλ©΄ μμ€ν μ΄ μμ ν bootingλκ³ , μ΄λ²€νΈκ° λ°μνκΈ°λ₯Ό κΈ°λ€λ¦¬κ² λ©λλ€. | ||
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# π μ°Έκ³ | ||
operating system concepts 10th | ||
https://parksb.github.io/article/5.html |