Fix potential bugs: improve exception handling, destructors, and cache management#2

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Copilot wants to merge 3 commits intomasterfrom

copilot/fix-0e9e9174-0cf6-4994-aff2-b72cf535f8bc

Commits on Aug 17, 2025

Initial plan
Copilot
committed
Initial analysis: Identified potential bugs in design patterns code

Copilot
and
makiolo
committed
Fix potential bugs: replace std::exception with std::runtime_error, fix destructors, improve cache management

Copilot
and
makiolo
committed