CI: build with `--locked`, and add one job for stable build without `… #859

Job	Run time
Check (nightly)	19s
Rustfmt	6s
Check (not locked)	12s
Check All Features (1.67.1)	1m 47s
Check (stable)	13s
Check All Features (stable)	44s
Check All Features (nightly)	26s
Check (1.67.1)	1m 46s
Check semver compatibility	42s
Build documentation	21s
Clippy	38s
Test Suite	48s
Test suite (with features) (--no-default-features)	26s
Test suite (with features) (--features=verify)	27s
Test suite (with features) (--all-features)	22s
Test suite (with features) (--features=default)	19s
Test suite (with features) (--features=validate)	20s
	9m 56s

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